Balloon (aeronautics)

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In aeronautics, the balloon is a powerless aerostat, which remains high or floating due to its buoyancy. Balloons can be free, move with the wind, or moored to a fixed point. This is different from an airplane, which is a powerful aerostat that can propel itself through the air in a controlled way.

Many balloons have baskets, gondolas, or capsules hanging under the main envelope to carry people or equipment (including cameras and telescopes, and flight control mechanisms).

Video Balloon (aeronautics)

Prinsip

Balloons are conceptually the simplest of all flying machines. A balloon is a sheath of cloth filled with a lighter gas from the surrounding atmosphere. Since the whole balloon is less dense than its surroundings, the balloon rises, carrying a basket, clinging beneath it, carrying passengers or cargo. Although the balloon does not have a propulsion system, the level of directional control is made possible through balloon making up or sinking at altitude to find a favorable wind direction.

There are three main types of balloons:

The air balloon or MontgolfiÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨re gets its buoyancy by heating the air inside the balloon; it has become the most common type.
The gas balloon or CharliÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨re is pumped with a gas of lesser molecular weight than the ambient atmosphere; most gas balloons operate with an internal gas pressure equal to the ambient atmospheric pressure; superpressure balloons can operate with lifting gases at pressures that exceed the surrounding air, with the aim of limiting or eliminating gas loss from daytime heating; gas balloon filled with gas such as:
- hydrogen - originally widely used but, due to the Hindenburg disaster, is now rarely used because of its high flammability;
- coal gas - though providing about half the lifting of hydrogen, was used extensively during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, being cheaper than hydrogen and available;
- helium - used today for all manned airships and manned balloons;
- Other gases include ammonia and methane, but these have poor lift capacity and other security defects and have not been used extensively.
Type RoziÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨re has both heating and unheated gas in a separate gas bag. This type of balloon is sometimes used for long distance recording, such as a recent cruise, but not otherwise used.

Either hot air, or MontgolfiÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨re, balloons and gas balloons are still commonly used. MontgolfiÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨re balloons are relatively inexpensive, as they do not require high-grade materials for their envelopes, and they are popular for air ballooning activities.

Hot air balloon

The first balloon to carry passengers by hot air for buoyancy and built by Josef and Etienne Montgolfier's brother in Annonay, France in 1783: the first passenger flight was September 19, 1783, carrying a sheep, a duck, and a rooster.

The first manned balloon flight was a larger Montgolfier balloon, probably on October 15, 1783. The first free balloon flight was by the same Montgolfier balloon on November 21, 1783.

When heated, the air expands, so that the volume of space provided contains less air. This makes it lighter and, if its lift is greater than the weight of the balloon it contains, the balloon will lift the balloon up. A hot air balloon can only stay lit while it has fuel for burners, to keep the air warm enough.

The initial Montgolfiers' hot balloons use solid-fueled angles which proved to be less practical than the hydrogen balloon that followed them immediately, and the hot air balloon died immediately.

In the 1950s, the convenience and low cost of gas bottle burners caused the rise of hot air balloons for sport and recreation.

The height or height of the hot air balloon is controlled by turning the burner up or down as needed, unlike the gas balloon where the ballast load is often carried so that it can be dropped if the balloon is too low, and to land some lifting gas should be thrown through the valve.

Gas bubble

A human carrying balloon uses light gas hydrogen for buoyancy created by Professor Jacques Charles and flown less than a month after Montgolfier flight, on December 1, 1783. Gas balloons have greater lift for a given volume, so they do not have to be so large, and they can also last longer than hot air, so the gas balloon dominates the balloon for the next 200 years. In the 19th century, it was common to use city gas to fill balloons; this is not as light as pure hydrogen gas, has about half the lift power, but is much cheaper and easier to obtain.

Light gas balloons are dominant in scientific applications, as they are able to reach much higher heights for longer periods. They are generally filled with helium. Although hydrogen has more lift, it explodes in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. With a few exceptions, scientific balloon missions are unmanned.

There are two types of gas-light balloon: super-pressure and super-pressure. Zero-pressure balloons are a traditional form of gas-light balloons. They are partially inflated with light gas before launch, with the same gas pressure both inside and outside the balloon. When the zero pressure balloon rises, the gas expands to keep the zero pressure difference, and the balloon envelope swells.

At night, the gas in a balloon without pressure cools and contracts, causing the balloon to sink. An unstressed balloon can only maintain altitude by releasing the gas when it goes too high, where the expanding gas can threaten to break the envelope, or release the ballast when it sinks too low. The loss of gas and ballast limit the balloon resistance without pressure for several days.

A superpressure balloon, by contrast, has a hard, non-elastic envelope filled with light gas for higher pressure than the external atmosphere, and then sealed. Superpressure bubbles can not resize on a large scale, thus maintaining a constant volume in general. Superpressure balloons maintain constant density altitudes in the atmosphere, and can sustain flight until the gas leak gradually takes it down.

Super-pressured balloons offer flight durability for months instead of days. In fact, in typical operations, Earth-based balloon superpressure missions are terminated by orders from ground controls to open envelopes, not by natural gas leaks.

High altitude balloons are used as high flying boats to carry scientific instruments (such as weather balloons), or reach near-space altitudes to retrieve earth records or photographs. These balloons can fly more than 100,000 feet (30.5 km) into the air, and are designed to explode at certain altitudes where the parachute will be used to carry the load back safely to the earth.

Cluster windings use a lot of smaller gas-filled balloons for the flight (see An Introduction to Cluster Ballooning).

Combination balloon

Early hot air balloons can not last long because they use a lot of fuel, while early hydrogen balloons are hard to pick up higher or lower as desired because aeronauts can only vent the gas or lose weight several times. PilÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â¢ tre de Rozier realizes that for long distance flights like crossing the English Channel, aeronaut will need to use different wind direction at different heights. Therefore, it is very important to have good altitude control while it can still last for a long time. He developed a combination balloon that has two gas bags, Rozier balloons. The top holds hydrogen and provides most of the fixed appointment. The lower holds hot air and can be quickly heated or cooled to provide a varied lift for good elevation control.

In 1785 PilÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â¢ tre de Rozier set out in an attempt to fly across the Strait, but immediately after the flight, the pockets of hydrogen gas burned and de Rozier did not survive the accident. This produces de Rozier under the title "The First to Fly and First to Die".

It was not until the 1980s that the technology was developed to enable safe operation of the Rozier type, for example by using non-flammable helium as a lifting gas, and some designs have successfully made long-haul flights.

Tethering and kite balloons

As an alternative to free flights, balloons can be tethered to allow reliable takeoff and landing in the same location. Some of the earliest balloon flights were moored for safety, and since then the balloons have been tethered for various purposes, including military observations and air strikes, meteorological and commercial uses.

The natural ball form of the balloon is unstable in high winds. Balloons tethered for use in windy conditions are often stabilized by aerodynamic formation and connect to moorings by dumbbell setting. This is called a kite balloon.

Balloon kite is different from kytoon, which gets some of its aerodynamic lift.

Maps Balloon (aeronautics)

History

Antecedents

Popular unmanned balloon in Chinese history. Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han kingdom, in the era of the Three Kingdoms (220-280 AD) used an air lantern for military signals. This lantern is known as Kongming lantern (???). The Mongolian army studied Kongming lanterns from China and used them in the Battle of Legnica during the Mongol invasion of Poland. This is the first balloon known by the western world. In 1709, the Brazilian cleric Bartolomeu de GusmÃƒÆ'Ã‚ Â° o made a hot-air balloon indoors in Lisbon. He also claimed to have built a balloon named Passarola ( Big Bird ) and attempted to raise himself from Saint George's castle in Lisbon, landed about a kilometer away. This claim is generally not recognized by aviation historians outside the Portuguese-speaking community, particularly the FAI.

First modern balloons

After Henry Cavendish's 1766 worked on hydrogen, Joseph Black proposed that a balloon filled with hydrogen would be able to rise in the air.

The first manned recorded flight was made in a hot air balloon built by the Montgolfier siblings on November 21, 1783. The flight started in Paris and reached a height of about 500 feet or more. Pilots, Jean-FranÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â§ois PilÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â¢ tre de Rozier and FranÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â§ois Laurent d'Arlandes, cover about 5Ã‚Â½ miles in 25 minutes.

On December 1, 1783, Professor Jacques Charles and Robert Brothers made the first gas balloon flight, also from Paris. The balloons containing their hydrogen flew to nearly 2,000 feet (600 m) , remained higher for more than 2 hours and covered 27 mÃƒ,Ã‚Â² (43Ãƒ, km) spacings, landed in the small town of Nesles-la-VallÃƒ Â© Ã‚ Â© e.

The first Italian balloon climb was made by Count Paolo Andreani and two other passengers in a balloon designed and built by three Gerli brothers, on 25 February 1784. A public demonstration took place in Brugherio a few days later, on 13 March 1784, when the vehicle flew to an altitude of 1,537 meters (5,043 ft) and a distance of 8 kilometers (5.0 million). On 28 March Andreani received a standing ovation at La Scala, and then a medal from Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.

De Rozier, along with Joseph Proust, took part in the next flight on June 23, 1784, in a modified version of Montgolfiers' first balloon baptized La Marie-Antoinette after the Queen. They set out before the King of France and King Gustav III of Sweden. The balloon flew to the north at an altitude of about 3,000 meters, above the clouds, covering 52 km in 45 minutes before the cold and turbulence forced them down Luzarches, between Coye et Orry-la-Ville, near the Chantilly forest.

The first balloon climb in England was made by James Tytler on 25 August 1784 in Edinburgh, Scotland, in a hot air balloon.

The first airplane disaster occurred in May 1785 when the town of Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland suffered serious damage when a balloon collision resulted in a fire that burned about 100 homes, making this city the home of the world's first aviation disaster. To this day, the shield of the city depicts the phoenix rising from the ashes.

Jean-Pierre Blanchard went on to create the first manned balloon flight in America on January 9, 1793, after a European tour to set a record for the first balloon flight in countries including the Netherlands Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Poland. The balloon containing its hydrogen takes off from the prison yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The flight reached 5,800 feet (1,770m) and landed in Gloucester County, New Jersey. President George Washington was among the observing guests taking off.

On September 29, 1804, Abraham Hopman became the first Dutchman to make a successful balloon flight in the Netherlands.

Gas balloons became the most common type from 1790 to 1960s. The French military observation bundle L'IntrÃƒ Â© pide in 1795 was the oldest preserved aircraft in Europe; it's on display at the Vienna Museum of Heeresgeschichtliches . Jules Verne wrote a non-fiction short story, published in 1852, about being stranded on a hydrogen balloon.

The most successful balloon flight recorded in Australia was by William Dean in 1858. The balloon contained gas and covered a distance of 30 km with two people in it.

Henri Giffard also developed balloons moored for passengers in 1878 at the Tuileries Garden in Paris. The first tethered balloon in modern times was made in France at Chantilly Castle in 1994 by Aerophile SA.

Military use

The first military use of balloons was at the Battle of Fleurus in 1794, when L'Entreprenant was used by the French Aerostatic Corps to oversee enemy movements. On April 2, 1794, an aeronauts corps was created in the French army; However, given the logistical issues associated with the production of hydrogen in the battlefield (required building ovens and pouring water on white hot iron), the corps was dissolved in 1799.

The first major use of balloons in the military occurred during the American Civil War with the Union Army Balloon Corps formed in 1861.

During the Paraguay War (1864-70), observatory balloons were used by the Brazilian Army.

Balloons were used by the British Royal Engineers in 1885 for reconnaissance and observation purposes during the Bechuanaland Expedition and the Sudan Expedition. Although the experiment in England was done as early as 1863, the Balloon School was not established in Chatham, Medway, Kent until 1888. During the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), the use was made of observation balloons. A balloon of 11,500 cubic feet (330 m ³) continued to increase for 22 days and marched 165 miles to the Transvaal with British troops.

The balloon containing hydrogen was widely used during World War I (1914-1918) to detect enemy troop movements and direct artillery fire. Observers call their reports to the field officers who then pass on the information to those who need it. Balloons are often targeted by opponents. Aircraft assigned to attack enemy balloons are often equipped with burning bullets, for the purpose of triggering hydrogen.

The Aeronaut Badge was founded by the United States Army in World War I to show service members who were eligible balloon pilots. The observation balloon was well preserved after the Great War, used in the Russian-Finnish War, the 1939-40 Winter War, and the 1941-1945 Advanced War.

During World War II, Japan launched thousands of helium "fire balloons" against the United States and Canada. In Outer Operations, the British used balloons to bring the burners to Nazi Germany.

Large helium balloons are used by the South Korean government and private activists who support freedom in North Korea. They float hundreds of kilometers across the border carrying news from the outside world, illegal radio, foreign currency and personal hygiene gifts. A North Korean military official described him as a "psychological war" and threatened to attack South Korea if their release continues.

Hot air return

Ed Yost redesigned a hot air balloon in the late 1950s using nylon rip-stop fabrics and high-powered propane burners to create a modern hot air balloon. His first flight was like a balloon, which lasted 25 minutes and covered 3 miles (5 km) , occurred on October 22, 1960 in Bruning, Nebraska. The improved Yost design for the hot air balloon triggers a modern sport balloon movement. Currently, air balloons are much more common than gas balloons.

In the late 1970s, the British air ballooner, Julian Nott, built a hot air balloon using a technology he believed would be available for the Peruvian Nazca culture about 1500 to 2000 years earlier, and showed that he could fly. and again in 2003, Nott speculated that the Nazca might have used it as a tool to design the land and the famous Nazca land line. Nott also pioneered the use of hybrid energy, where solar power is a significant source of heat, and in 1981 it crossed the English Channel.