National Collegiate Athletic Association

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The National Athletic Athletic Association ( NCAA ) is a non-profit organization that organizes athletes from 1,281 institutions and conferences. It also organizes athletic programs from many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada, and helps over 480,000 students-athletes who compete each year in sports colleges. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana.

In the fiscal year 2016-17, the NCAA earned $ 1.06 billion in revenue, more than 82% of which were generated by the Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. A substantial $ 1.06 billion was then redistributed to organizations and member agencies throughout the United States to support nearly half a million of their student athletes. Approximately 95% of all revenues are issued, of which only 4% are devoted to the day-to-day operations of the NCAA itself and an additional 8% to cover expenses that include Associations such as legal, communications and business insurance services. The rest, 88% go to schools, organizations, and member athletes.

In August 1973, the current third division system of Divisions I, Division II, and Division III was adopted by NCAA membership in a special convention. Under the NCAA rules, Division I and Second Division schools can offer scholarships to athletes to play sports. The School Division III may not offer athletic scholarships. Generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was subdivided into IA and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term "Division I-AAA" was briefly added to describe the Division I schools that did not field any football program at all, but the term was no longer officially used by the NCAA. In 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).

Controversially, the NCAA limits the benefits that college athletes can receive from their schools. There is a consensus among economists that this hat for men's basketball and soccer players benefits the athlete schools (through rent-seeking) at the expense of athletes.

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History

Formation and early years

Intergolf sports began in the US in 1852 when crew members from Harvard and Yale universities met in a challenge race in crew sports. Since rowing remained the most superior sport in the country until the late 1800s, much of the early debate about college athletic eligibility and goals was resolved through organizations such as the Rowing Association of American Colleges and the Antarktial Rowing Association. When other sports appear, especially soccer and basketball, many of the same concepts and standards are adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, but the rules of the game itself are always fluid and often have to be adjusted for each contest.

The NCAA dates its formation for two White House conferences organized by President Theodore Roosevelt in the early 20th century in response to recurrent injuries and deaths in college football that have "encouraged many colleges and universities to stop sports." After the White House meeting and the resulting reforms, Chancellor Henry MacCracken of New York University held a meeting of 13 colleges and universities to initiate changes in the rules of football; at a follow-up meeting on December 28, 1905 in New York, 62 higher education institutions became members of the Charter of the Inter-American Athletic Association (IAAUS). The IAAUS was formally established on March 31, 1906, and takes its present name, NCAA, in 1910.

For several years, the NCAA was a discussion group and regulatory body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship took place: National Collegiate Track and Field Championships. Gradually, more committee rules were formed and more championships were created, including a basketball championship in 1939.

In the late 1940s, there were only two colleges in the country, Notre Dame and Pennsylvania, with national TV contracts, a considerable source of income. In 1951, the NCAA voted to ban live TV broadcasts from college football games during the season. Not long after the NCAA voted to ban television rather than public protests forced it back. Instead, the NCAA voted to limit the number of games broadcast on television for each team to stop the slide at the entrance. President of the University of Pennsylvania Harold Stassen opposed the monopoly and renewed his contract with ABC. Finally Penn was forced to resign when the NCAA, rejecting Penn's request that the US Attorney General decide the legality of the NCAA restrictive plan, threatened to expel Quaker from the association. Notre Dame continued to broadcast his game until 1953, working around the ban by filming his game, then broadcasting it the following night.

A series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The "Sanity Code" - adopted to establish guidelines for recruit and financial aid - fails to curb violations. Postseason football games breed with little control, and member schools are increasingly worried about how new television media will affect the presence of football.

The complexity of the problems and growth in membership and championship shows the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, formerly a part-time executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951, and a national headquarters was founded in Kansas City, Missouri in 1952.

Byers wasted no time putting his stamp on the Association. A program for controlling live broadcasts of approved soccer matches, Annual Convention delegating enforcement powers to the Association Board, and adopted legislation governing postseason bowl games.

1970s-present

As college athletics grows, the scope of the country's athletic programs diverges, forcing the NCAA to create structures that recognize varying degrees of emphasis. In 1973, membership of the Association was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions - I, II, and III. Five years later in 1978, members of the 1st Division voted to create I-A and I-AA subdivisions (renamed Subdivision Football Bowl and Football Championship Subdivision in 2006) in football.

Until the 1980s, the association did not offer women athletics. In contrast, the Association for Women's Space Athletes (AIAW), with nearly 1000 member schools, organizes women's college sports in the United States. AIAW is in a vulnerable position that sparked conflict with the NCAA in the early 1980s. After a one-year overlap in which both organizations held a women's championship, AIAW's operations were halted, and most member schools resumed their women's athletic programs under the NCAA government. In 1982, all the NCAA divisions offered a national championship event for women's athletics. A year later in 1983, the 75th Convention approved an extension to plan the services of women's athletic programs and encourage women's championship programs.

In the 1980s, television-based campus football has become a larger source of income for the NCAA. In September 1981, the University of Oklahoma Bupati's Council and the University of Georgia Athletics Association filed a lawsuit against the NCAA in the district court in Oklahoma. The plaintiffs state that NCAA football television plans are pricing, output restrictions, boycotts and monopolies, all of which are illegal under the Sherman Act. The NCAA argues that pro-competitive and non-commercial justifications for plans - the protection of living gates, the maintenance of a competitive balance among NCAA member institutions, and the creation of more compelling "products" to compete with other forms of entertainment - are combined to make the plan reasonable. In September 1982, the district court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, who ruled that the plan violated antitrust law. He ordered the Association from enforcing the contract. The NCAA appealed to the United States Supreme Court, but lost in 1984 in a 7-2 NCAA v. University of Oklahoma Bupati Council . (If NCAA television contracts with ABC, CBS, and ESPN remain in effect for the 1984 season, they will generate approximately $ 73.6 million for the Association and its members.)

In 1999, the NCAA was sued for discrimination against female athletes under Title IX because it systematically gave men in graduate school more lightening than a woman to participate in a college sport. In the National Association of Athletics Colleges v. Smith , the US Supreme Court ruled that the NCAA is not subject to the law, without reviewing the benefits of discrimination claims.

Over the past two decades, recruiting international athletes has become a trend among NCAA institutions. For example, most German athletes outside Germany are based in US universities. For many European athletes, American universities are the only option to pursue academic and athletic careers at the same time. Many of these students come to the US with high academic expectations and aspirations.

In 2009, Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, became the first non-US member institution of the NCAA.

By 2014, the NCAA set a record $ 989 million in net income. Being embarrassed for $ 1 Billion is one of the highest of all major sports organizations.

Maps National Collegiate Athletic Association

Headquarters

The modern era of the NCAA began in July 1955 when its executive director, Kansas City, Missouri native Walter Byers, moved the organization's headquarters from LaSalle Hotel in Chicago (where his office was shared by the headquarters of the Big Ten Conference) to the Fairmount Building at 101 West 11th Street in Downtown Kansas City. The move was intended to separate the NCAA from the direct influence of each individual conference and stay in the center.

The Fairmount is a block from the Municipal Auditorium that has hosted the Final Four games in 1940, 1941, and 1942. After Byers moved to Kansas City, the championships will be held at the Municipal in 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, and 1964.

The Fairmount office consists of three rooms without air conditioning. The Byers staff consists of four people: an assistant, two secretaries, and a bookkeeper.

In 1964, he moved three blocks to offices at the Midland Theater. In 1973, he moved to 6299 Nall at the Shawnee Mission Parkway in Mission, Kansas in a $ 1.2 million building with an area of ​​3.4 hectares (14,000 m ² ). In 1989, he moved 6 miles (9.7 km) further south to 6201 College Boulevard in Overland Park, Kansas. The new building is at 11.35 acres (45,900 m ² ) and has 130,000 square feet (12,000m ² ) space.

The NCAA is not satisfied with the Johnson County, Kansas suburban location that records that its location on the southern outskirts of suburban Kansas City is more than 40 minutes from Kansas City International Airport. They also note that suburban locations do not attract visitors to their new visitor centers.

In 1997, he requested an offer for a new headquarters. Various cities compete for new headquarters with two finalists to Kansas City and Indianapolis. Kansas City proposes to relocate the NCAA back to the city center near the Crown Center complex and will search the visitor center at Union Station. But the main sports venue of Kansas City Kemper Arena is almost 30 years old. Indianapolis argues that it's actually more important than Kansas City because two-thirds of the members are east of the Mississippi River. RCA Dome with a capacity of 50,000 seats far beyond Kemper Arena with a capacity of 17,000 seats. In 1999, the NCAA moved its 300 members to its new headquarters in White River State Park at a 14,000 square foot (13,000 m ² ) facility on the western edge of downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. Adjacent to the headquarters is 35,000 square feet (3,300m ² ) NCAA Hall of Champions.

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Structure

The NCAA Board of Governors (formerly known as the Executive Committee) is the main body in the NCAA. This agency elects the NCAA President.

The NCAA legislative structure is broken down into cabinets and committees, composed of representatives from member schools. This can be further broken down into subcommittees. The law is then passed on, which oversees all cabinets and committees, and also includes representatives from schools, such as athletic directors and faculty advisors. The Management Board Act goes to the Board of Directors, which consists of school presidents, for final approval. NCAA staff provide support, act as a guide, liaison, researcher, and public relations and media.

NCAA runs ArbiterSports design software company, based in Sandy, Utah, a joint venture between two subsidiaries of NCAA, Arbiter LLC and eOfficials LLC. The purpose of declaring the NCAA for business is to help improve the fairness, quality, and consistency of officers across all athletic amateurs.

President of the NCAA

The NCAA did not have a full-time administrator until 1951, when Walter Byers was appointed executive director. In 1988, the title was changed to President.

• Walter Byers 1951-1988
• Dick Schultz 1988-1993
• Cedric Dempsey 1994-2002
• Myles 2003-2009 Brands
• Jim Isch (interim) 2009-2010
• Mark Emmert 2011-now

Share history

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Player eligibility

To participate in college athletics in their first year, the NCAA requires students to meet three criteria: after graduating from high school, completing the minimum required academic course, and having an average grade qualification (IPK) and SAT or ACT scores.

16 academic credits are four courses in English, two math courses, two classes in social science, two in natural or physical sciences, and one additional course in English, mathematics, natural or physical sciences, or other academic courses such as foreign language.

To meet the requirements for average scores and SAT scores, the lowest GPA that students may have is 1.70, provided they have a SAT score of 1400. The lowest SAT score that students can accept is 700 as long as they have a GPA of 2,500.

Starting school year 2017-18, high school students can sign a letter of desire to enter and play soccer to lecture in one of two periods. The first, introduced in 2017-18, is a three-day period in mid-December, coinciding with the first three days of the pre-signing period for junior college players. The second period, which before 2017 is the only one allowed for the signing of high school players, begins on the first Wednesday of February. In August 2011, the NCAA announced plans to improve academic requirements for the post-season competition, including two of the most prominent competitions, the now defunct Championship Bowling Championships (replaced in 2014 by College Football Playoffs) and Division I Men's Basketball Tournaments; new requirements, based on an "Academic Progress Rate" (APR) that measures retention and graduation rates, and is calculated on a four-year, rolling basis. The change raises tariffs from 900 to 930, representing a graduation rate of 50%.

Students are generally allowed to compete athletically for four years. Athletes are allowed to sit for a year while still in school but not lose a year of eligibility with redshirting.

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NCAA-sponsored sports

The NCAA currently delivers 90 national championships each year - 46 women's championships, 41 men, and female students for fencing, rifles, and skiing. The sports that are approved by the NCAA include: basketball, baseball, beach volleyball, softball, soccer, cross country, field hockey, bowling, golf, coeducational), lacrosse, soccer, gymnastics, rowing, volleyball, ice hockey, water polo, coeducational, tennis, ski (coeducational), track and field, swimming and diving, and wrestling (men). The latest sports officially approved is beach volleyball, which hosts its first championship in the school year 2015-16.

The Football Bowl Subdivision Division I determines its own champions separately from the NCAA through "College Football Playoff"; this is not an official NCAA championship (see below). The recently added championship is a single-division championship on the beach of women's volleyball, which has been approved by leaders of the three divisions by the end of 2014 and early 2015. The first championship was held in the spring of 2016. The NCAA has called the sport of "sand" volleyball " until June 23, 2015, when it was announced that it would use the internationally recognized name of the "beach volleyball".

The NCAA has awarded championships in the following sports:

Note

The number of teams (school programs) competing in each sport in each division by 2017 is as follows:

"Sports that appear" woman

In addition to the above sports, the NCAA recognizes "new sports" for women. This sport has scholarship restrictions on every sport, but currently does not have an officially approved NCAA championship. Member agencies may use this sport to meet the required level of sports sponsorship for its distribution. "Emerging Sport" must earn championship status (at least 40 university programs for team sports, except 28 for Division III) in 10 years, or show steady progress towards that goal to stay on the list. Until then, it is under the auspices of the NCAA and its respective institutions. The Emerging Sport status allows competition to include club teams to meet the minimum number of competition rules set by the NCAA.

The three sports currently designated as "new sports" women are:

• Rugby
• Triathlon
• Equestrian *

Riding has been recommended for elimination as a "new sport" due to the lack of growth in the number of participating institutions.

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Sports added and dropped

The popularity of each of these sports programs has changed over time. Between 1988-89 and 2010-11, the NCAA school had a net addition of 510 male teams and 2,703 female teams.

The following table shows the changes over time in a number of NCAA schools across three joint divisions that sponsor each sport of men's and women's teams.

Men's sports

Men's sports with the greatest net gain during the period 1988/89 to 2010/11 were indoor tracks and pitches, lacrosses, and cross country runs (each with over 100 net earnings). Men's sports with the biggest losses are wrestling (-104 teams), tennis, and rifles; sports team men with the biggest net loss is water polo. Other reports indicate that 355 college wrestling programs have been eliminated since 2000; Men's gymnastics program 212 has been eliminated since 1969 with only 17 programs left in 2013.

The following table outlines the individual DI sport of men with at least 5,000 participating athletes. Sport is ranked by number of athletes.

Female Women's sports

Women's sports with the greatest net gain during the period 1988-89 through 2010-11 were soccer (599 teams), golf, and indoor tracks and squares; no women's sports program suffers a double-digit net loss.

Sumber: Laporan NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates o 2012-13

The following table lists individual women's NCAA sports with at least 1,000 participating athletes. Sport is ranked by number of athletes.

• Riding was not a women's sport in 1982 and the NCAA report did not include the number of teams for that year. The riding was first listed in the NCAA report in 1988-89 with 41 teams, so the number of teams for the season was listed in the table above.

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Championship

Cup

For every sport approved by the NCAA in addition to the FBS I division, the NCAA provides trophies with gold, silver and bronze for each of the first, second and third teams. In the case of the NCAA basketball tournament, the two semi-finalists who did not make the championship match received a bronze-plated trophy for third place (before 1982 the team played the "entertainment" game to determine third place). A similar trophy was awarded to both semifinalists in the NCAA football tournament (conducted in Division I FCS and the lower two divisions), who never had a third place. The winning team retains the permanent possession of the trophy unless it is later discovered that they are won through a serious rule violation.

Starting with the 2001-02 season, and again in the 2007-08 season, the trophy changed. Starting the 2006 basketball season, the team that made the Final Four in the Division I tournament received a bronze "regional championship" trophy after winning their Regional Championship. The team that made the National Championship match received an extra gold-plated trophy for the winners and silver plated for runners-up. Beginning in the mid-1990s, National Champion in both men's and women's basketball received an elaborate trophy with black marble base and crystal "neck" with removable crystal basket following the standard NCAA Championship championship presentation.

On May 23, 2018, Stanford, UCLA, and Southern California (USC) had the most NCAA championships. Stanford have won 117 and UCLA 116 from their combined NCAA championship in men's and women's sport, while USC is third with 105.

Bowl Football Subdivision

The NCAA has never approved an official championship for the highest level of football, now known as Division I FBS. Instead, some outside bodies give their own titles. The NCAA does not hold a championship tournament or match for FBS Division I soccer. In the past, the team placed first in one of a number of seasonal media polls, most notably the AP Poll of writers and Coaches Poll, is said to have won a "national championship".

Starting in 2014, College Football Playoff - an independent consortium of conferences and schools competing in the FBS Division I and six bowl matches - have arranged to place the top four teams (based on the thirteen committee members who voted and raised the team) into two semi-final matches, with winners to compete in the Playoff College Football National Championship, which is not officially approved or recognized by the NCAA. The winner of the match received a trophy; because the NCAA does not provide a national championship for FBS Division I soccer, this trophy does not show NCAA as the other national NCAA sports championship trophies do.

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Conference

The NCAA is divided into three levels of conferences, Divisions I, Divisions II, and Division III, organized into declining program sizes, as well as many sub-divisions.

Division I

Notes

• The FBS conference in football is denoted by an asterisk (*)
• The FCS conference in football is denoted by two asterisks (**)
• A conference that does not sponsor football or basketball is italics

Division I football conference-only FCS

• Missouri Valley Football Conference
• Pioneer Football League

Division I hockey-only conference

• The Atlantic hat
• American Hockey College
• ECAC Hockey
• Eastern Hockey
• Inter-College Hockey Conference (NCHC)
• Western Hockey Association Set (WCHA)

Division II

Division III

Division III special soccer conference

• Commonwealth Beach Soccer (Football CCC) - Start playing as the New England Football Conference in 1965; taken over by the Commonwealth Commonwealth Conference after football season 2016, although the football league remains a separate legal entity.
• Eastern Collegiate Football Conference (ECFC)

Other Division III single sports conferences

• Continental Volleyball Conference (CVC) - men's volley
• ECAC East - ice men and women hockey
• Northeast ECAC - ice hockey guy
• ECAC West - ice men's and women's hockey
• Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League (MCVL) - male volleyball
• Midwest Lacrosse Conference (MLC) - lacrosse guy
• Midwest Women's Lacrosse Conference (MWLC) - female lacrosse
• Hockey Association of Northern Colleges (NCHA) - ice men and women hockey
• Ohio River Lacrosse Conference (ORLC) - male and female lacrosse
• United Volleyball Conference (UVC) - men's volley

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Media

The NCAA has current media rights contracts with CBS Sports, CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN Plus and Turner Sports for 88 championship coverage. According to the NCAA's official website, ESPN and its associated networks have rights to 21 championships, CBS to 67, and Turner Sports being one. Here are the most prominent championships and rights holders: CBS: Men's Basketball (NCAA I Division Men's Basketball Sports Tournament, with Turner Sports, and NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament), track and field, ice hockey (women's division I)

ESPN: Women's basketball (all divisions), baseball, softball, ice hockey (Division I men), soccer (all divisions including Div I FCS), soccer (Division I for both sexes)

Turner Sports: NCAA Division I Men Basketball Tournament with CBS

WestwoodOne has exclusive radio rights for the men's and women's basketball Final Fours to the College World Series (baseball) son. DirecTV has exclusive packages that extend CBS coverage from men's basketball tournaments.

From 1998 to 2013, Electronic Arts has licenses to develop a college sports video game with NCAA branding, which includes NCAA Football and NCAA Basketball (formerly NCAA March Madness ) series. The NCAA license is not required for game production, since the right to use the team is not licensed through the NCAA, but through entities such as individual schools and Collegiate License Company. EA only obtains a license so that it can officially enter the Division I Men's Basketball Tournament into a college basketball game series. The NCAA withdrew the EA license because of the uncertainty surrounding a series of lawsuits, notably O'Bannon v. NCAA , which involves the use of player similarities in sports game video games.

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LGBT inclusion policy

In 2010, the NCAA Executive Committee announced its support and commitment to diversity, inclusion and gender equality among its athletes, trainers and administrators. The statement includes the NCAA's commitment to ensuring that all students have equal opportunity to achieve their academic goals, and coaches and administrators have equal opportunities for career development in a respectable climate. In 2012, the LGBTQ Subcommittee of the NCAA Committee affiliated with the Association of Athletics of Women and Minority Minorities and the Interest Committee assigns the Champions of Respect, a document that provides resources and advocacy that promote inclusion and equality for LGBTQ students -tletes , trainers, administrators and all those related to athletic inter-university. This resource uses guidance from the Women's Sports Foundation Team Needed! projects to address issues related to LGBTQ equality in athletics among universities. This document provides information on the specific issues faced by LGBTQ members, the similarities and differences of these issues to women and men's teams, policy recommendations and best practices, as well as legal resources and court cases.

The NCAA has retained these core values ​​as central to its decision on the allocation of championship offers. In April 2016, the Board of Governors announced new requirements for the host city that included protection against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity for all persons involved in the event. This decision was requested by some countries that passed laws that allowed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity in accordance with religious beliefs.

The NCAA expressed its concern over the Indiana Religious Recovery Act that allows companies to discriminate against people based on their sexual orientation. The bill is proposed before Indianapolis is set to host the 2015 Summer Basketball Tournament. The bill is at odds with the core values ​​of NCAA inclusion and equality, and forces the NCAA to consider events moving out of Indiana. Under pressure from all nations and concerned about economic losses because it is banned from hosting the NCAA event, Indiana governor Mike Pence revised the bill so businesses can not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, race, religion or disability. The NCAA receives a revised bill and continues to host events in Indiana. The bill was passed into law on July 1, 2015.

On 12 September 2016, the NCAA announced that it will withdraw all seven planned championships out of North Carolina for the academic year 2016-2017. This decision was in response to a country that passed the Privacy and Security Act of Public Facilities (HB 2) on March 23, 2016. This law requires people to use public toilets that match the sex assigned at birth and stop the city from issuing laws that protect against gay and transgender discrimination. The NCAA Board of Governors stipulates that this law will ensure the creation of an inclusive atmosphere in a challenging host community, and relocate this championship event best reflects the association's commitment to maintaining an environment consistent with its core values. North Carolina has lost the opportunity to host the 2018 Final Tournament Final which is scheduled to be in Charlotte, but relocated to San Antonio. If H.B. 2 is not revoked, North Carolina may be barred from bidding for events from 2019 to 2022.

Historically, the NCAA has used its authority in deciding the host city to promote its core values. The Association also prohibits championship events in countries displaying Confederate flags, and in member schools that have abusive or offensive nicknames or mascots based on the original American image. Board members want to ensure that anyone associated with the NCAA championship event will be treated fairly and respectfully.

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Violation of rules

Member schools promise to follow the rules announced by the NCAA. The creation of a mechanism to uphold the NCAA legislation took place in 1952 after careful consideration by membership.

The alleged rule violation was referred to the NCAA investigative staff. Initial investigations begin to determine whether an official investigation is warranted and to categorize any offenses that are generated as secondary or major. If several violations are found, the NCAA may determine that the school as a whole has demonstrated "a lack of institutional control." The involved institution is immediately notified and may appear in its own name before the NCAA Committee on Violations.

The Committee's Findings on Violations and sanctions generated in major cases are reported to the agency. The sanctions will generally include having the agency placed on "probation" for a certain period of time, in addition to other penalties. The agency may appeal the findings or sanctions to the appeals committee. After considering written reports and oral presentations by representatives of the Committee on Violations and institutions, the committee acts on appeals. Actions may include accepting the findings and punishment committees of abuse, altering either, or making their own findings and imposing appropriate penalties.

In the case of a terrible mistake, the NCAA has the power to prohibit schools from participating in a particular sport, a penalty known as "Death Penalty". Since 1985, any school that committed major offenses during the trial period may be banned from the sport involved for up to two years. However, when the NCAA chooses not to issue the death penalty for repeated offenses, it should explain why not do it. This penalty is only imposed three times in its modern form, especially when the Southern Methodist University soccer team experienced the 1987 season was canceled for violations of the big rules that occurred more than a decade. SMU chose not to deploy the team in 1988 as well as because of aftershocks of sanctions, and the program never recovered; has only had four seasons of victory and four bowl appearances since then (mostly under June Jones, head coach of the team from 2008 until his retirement during the 2014 season). The adverse effects of capital punishment against high school reportedly made the NCAA anxious about issuing another one. Because of the SMU case, there are only three instances where the NCAA has seriously considered imposing it on the Division I schools; was imposed on men's Second Division football team Morehouse College in 2003 and son's third division Men's MacMurray College in 2005. In addition to these cases, the most recent division I school to consider is Penn State. This is because of the Jerry Sandusky Incident which consequently nearly landed Penn State on the hook for Death Penalty. They received a fine of 60 million dollars, in addition to the scorching season and other sanctions as well.

In addition, in cases of grave rule violations, coaches, athletic directors and athletic support staff may be barred from working for all NCAA member schools without the NCAA's permission. This procedure is known as a "show-cause penalty" (not to be confused with the command to indicate the cause in the legal sense). Theoretically, a school may hire someone by "pinpointing" their notes during show time because the order applies only with permission from the NCAA Violation Committee. Schools assume the risks and the stigma of hiring such a person. These can then be subject to sanctions by the NCAA and the Violation Committee for their choice, the possibility of losing an athletic scholarship, income from schools that do not want to compete with other schools, and the ability to play their games on television, along with restrictions on recruitment and practice times. As a result, a show-cause order basically has the effect of persuading individuals not to be employed during the booking period.

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Sponsors

The NCAA has a two-tier sponsorship division. AT & amp; T, Coca-Cola, and CapitalOne are NCAA Corporate Champions, others are NCAA Corporate Partners.

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Finance

As an amateur sports management agency, the NCAA is classified as a tax-free nonprofit organization. Thus, it is not required to pay a substantial portion of the tax on income that is for private companies and profit-seeking public. While this business model has been challenged during court cases, the NCAA, eventually emerged as the winner. In 2014 the NCAA reports that it has more than $ 600 million of unrestricted net assets in its annual report. During 2014, the NCAA also reported nearly a billion dollars in revenue, contributing to a "budget surplus" - revenues exceeding expenses for that year - more than $ 80 million. Over $ 700 million of total revenues are from TV rights licenses to sporting events. In addition, the NCAA also makes money through the growth of its endowment fund investment. Established in 2004 with $ 45 million, the fund has grown to more than $ 380 million in 2014.

NCAA spending

What is often misunderstood in criticism of the volume of earnings generated by the NCAA, including calls to cash player payments, is that most of it is passed on to both member schools and their athletes.

According to the NCAA, the bulk of its annual revenue comes from two sources: division I male Basketball television and marketing rights, as well as the sale of championship tickets. "The money is distributed in more than a dozen ways - almost all directly support the NCAA schools, conferences, and nearly half a million athletes."

By 2017, NCAA's total revenues are over $ 1.06 billion. Division I television basketball and marketing rights earned $ 821.4 million, and "championship ticket sales" totaled $ 129.4 million. "Other small income streams, such as membership dues" account for an unspecified amount.

In return, some 95% of this revenue is issued to support NCAA schools and athletic programs, as well as NCAA's own operations (comprising about 12% of expenditures).

Spending by category

The NCAA provides details of how these revenues are spent, arranges payments and expenses into 14 basic categories. By far the largest went to the Sports Scholarship and Sponsorship Fund, funding for sports scholarships and students under the Basketball Performance Division, costs incurred in producing Division I Championshps (including team meals, travel and lodging), Student Assistance Funds, and Services Student Athlete. Together, these top five recipients account for 65% of all NCAA expenditures. General and Administrative expenses for running the NCAA daily operations account for about 4% of the money paid, and other association costs, including legal, communications, and business insurance services, account for 8%.

Category:

• $ 210.8M Sponsorship Sponsor and Scholarship Fund

Distributed to Division I schools to help fund the NCAA sport and provide scholarships for college athletes.

• $ 160.5 million Division I Performance Basket Fund

Distributed to division I conferences and independent schools based on their performance in a men's basketball tournament over a rolling six-year period. The money is used to finance the NCAA sport and provide scholarships for college athletes.

• Division I Championship $ 96.7M

Giving college athletes the opportunity to compete for championships and includes support for team trips, food and lodging.

• Student Assistance Fund $ 82.2M

Distributed to Division I student-athletes for important needs that arise during their time in college.

• Student Services $ 71.8M

Includes funding for disaster injury insurance, drug testing, student-athlete leadership programs, postgraduate scholarships and additional Association-wide championship support.

• $ 50.3M Division I Equal Conference Fund

Distributed evenly among Division I division basketball divisions that meet athletic and academic standards to play in men's basketball tournaments. The money is used to finance the NCAA sport and provide scholarships for college athletes.

• Academic Upgrades $ 46.7M

Distributed to Division I schools to help with academic programs and services.

• $ 42.3M Divisional II Allocation

The championship fund, grants and other initiatives for the Second Division campus athletes.

• Membership Support Service $ 39.6M

Includes fees associated with the NCAA governance committee and the annual NCAA conventions.

• Allocation Division III $ 28.2M

The championship fund, grants and other initiatives for the third division campus athletes.

• $ 9.5M Conference Grant I

Distributed to Division I conferences for programs that enhance inauguration, compliance, minority opportunities and more.

• $ 3.3M Education Program

Support member education services to help prepare athletes for life, including the Women's Coaching Academy, Emerging Leaders Seminars and Track Programs.

• $ 74.3 million Association-Based Expenses Others

Includes support for extensive legal, communications, and business insurance services.

• $ 39.7M General and Administrative Costs

Fund the daily operations of the NCAA national office, including financial administration and services, information technology and facility management.

According to the NCAA, fiscal year 2017 is the first in which revenues reach $ 1.0 billion. Increased revenues from 2016 came from increases in television and marketing costs, plus bigger money resulting from championship events and investment income.

ESPN's critique of organizational finance in 2017 shows about $ 560.3 million of the total $ 956 million paid back to about 1,100 of its member agencies in 24 sports in all three divisions, as well as $ 200 million for a one-time NCAA payment made to schools to fund additional programs.

The Division I basketball tournament alone earns $ 761 million, with another $ 60 million in marketing rights 2016-17. With the increase in the cost of rights, it is estimated that basketball tournaments will generate about $ 869 million for the 2018 championship.

Player compensation proposal

The NCAA limits the amount of compensation acceptable to individual players for scholarships equivalent to tuition and related fees. This rule has caused controversy, given the huge amount of school earned income from sports from TV contracts, ticket sales, and licensing and merchandise. Some commentators have discussed whether the NCAA limit on player compensation violates antitrust laws. There is a consensus among economists that NCAA hat compensation for male basketball and soccer players benefits athlete schools (through rent-seeking) at the expense of athletes. Research shows that opposition to paid athletes is partly driven by racial hatred: white people oppose paying athletes, while blacks support it, especially when the issue is framed in the context of race.

Pro-rating payments for Division I basketball players in the proportion of the revenue size of the championship tournament yield relative to the total annual earnings of the NCAA will be one possible approach, but will open the door for litigation by students and schools affected by such formulas.

• After losing in the 1953 case University of Denver v. Nemeth , where it was found that a student and an athlete owes workers compensation, it has been argued that the NCAA coined the term "student-athlete." Andrew Zimbalist, in his book Professional Unpaid (1999), claims the term was created to prevent similar litigation losses in the future.
• In 2007, the case of White et al. v. The NCAA was brought by former NCAA students-Jason White's athletes, Brian Pollack, Jovan Harris, and Chris Craig as a class action lawsuit. They argue that the current NCAA limit on a full scholarship or Grant in Aid is a violation of federal antitrust laws. Their reasoning is that in the absence of such limitations, NCAA member schools will be free to offer the financial aid packages they want to recruit students and athletes. The NCAA is settled before a decision by the court, by agreeing to regulate the Student Athlete Fund to "help qualified candidates apply for career development and/or reimbursement of tuition fees under terms of agreement with the plaintiff in federal antitrust lawsuit."
• In 2013, Jay Bilas revealed that the NCAA takes advantage of individual players through the sale of jersey in his shop. In particular, he typed the names of some of the top college football players, among them Tajh Boyd, Teddy Bridgewater, Jadeveon Clowney, Johnny Manziel, and AJ McCarron, into the search engine of the official NCAA online store, and received the mainstream T-shirt Search result. The NCAA lowered the player's jersey sales immediately after the incident.
• Former NCAA President Walter Byers, in his book Uniform Sports: Exploiting College Athletes, summarizes his critique of the NCAA operation by stating that "Today, the NCAA Presidential Commission is... committed to faith neo-estates that the great results of the college's game of administrator and supervisor (coach). Plantation workers appearing in the arena can only accept benefits authorized by the supervisor. "
• The National Collegiate Players Association (NCPA) is a group started by former UCLA soccer players with the aim of organizing athletes. Their goal is to change the NCAA rules they deem unfair. Two of the rules they focus on include raising the number of scholarships and holding schools responsible for medical injuries related to their players' sports.
• In March 2014 four players filed a class action antitrust lawsuit, alleging that the NCAA and its five dominant conferences were "unlawful cartels". The lawsuit imposes that the NCAA limits the value of athletic scholarship has "illegally limiting the productive power of soccer and men's basketball while making billions from their work". The director of Tulane University Sports Law Program, Gabe Feldman, called the lawsuit a "credible direct threat to the NCAA." On September 30, 2015, the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided that limiting compensation for the attendance costs of an athlete at the university was sufficient. It simultaneously decides against a federal judge's proposal to pay a $ 5,000 student athlete annually in deferred compensation.
• The Northwestern University Division One Football team is the first NCAA team to unite in 2014.
• South Park, in the episode of the "Crack Baby Athletic Association" (s15e05), makes italic reference to the NCAA and compares its rules with slavery.

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Criticism

Many criticisms have been raised against the NCAA. This includes, but is not limited to:

• In 1998, the NCAA settled a $ 2.5 million lawsuit filed by former UNLV basketball coach Jerry Tarkanian. Tarkanian sued the NCAA after he was forced to resign from UNLV, where he became head coach from 1975 to 1992. The suit claims that the agency chose him out, punishing the university's basketball program three times in that span. Tarkanian said, "They can never, ever, make up for all the pain and suffering that they cause me." All I can say is that for 25 years they beat me all out. " The NCAA said that it regretted the long battle and now has more understanding of Tarkanian's position and that the case has changed the enforcement process for the better. In the 1970s a Nevada judge stated that the NCAA's proof of Tarkanian was "a total of 100 percent rumors without a documentation in evidence." The evidence shows that every basic principle relating to the rights of the defendant's plaintiff process has been violated. " Don Yaeger writes, "The public record shows (Tarkanian's) case is the worst investigation ever undertaken by the NCAA, full of athlete's intimidation, bigotry... wasted work, creative recording and untruth by investigators â € < grudge by a disgruntled former coach. ".
• In 1977, partly fueled by the Tarkanian case, the US Congress initiated an investigation into the NCAA. This, combined with the Tarkanian case, forces the NCAA internal files into public records.
• In 2013, the NCAA was criticized for rejecting Georgia's offensive lineman Kolton Houston who is eligible to violate drug policies. Houston tested positive for using anabolic steroid norandrolone given without his knowledge to recover from shoulder surgery during high school, but the prohibited substance remained trapped in fatty tissue in his body. Despite the substantial decline in the level of substance to the point where Houston did not gain a significant advantage to use the drug and evidence that he has not reused it, he remains ineligible. Houston will then undergo a dangerous operational procedure to get a threshold to regain its eligibility, as opposed to the NCAA's mission to help the students. The NCAA is strongly criticized for maintaining their rigid standards and making no exceptions for Houston.

src: www.ncaa.org

Individual rewards

See also: All-American Academic, Best Female Athlete Athlete ESPY, Best Male Athlete Athlete ESPY Award, Senior CLASS Prize, Honda Sports Awards, High School baseball prizes and Sports Illustrated 2009 throughout the decade of honor (college basketball & soccer)

View footnote

The NCAA presents a number of different individual awards, including:

• NCAA Award of Valor (not awarded annually); the election is based on the heroic action that took place during the academic year.
• NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award, honoring someone who has given significant leadership as a support for athletic inter-college.
• NCAA Inspiration Award (not awarded annually); selection is based on inspirational action.
• The NCAA Sportmanship Award, honoring students-athletes who have shown one or more sportsmanship ideals.
• NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award, the highest award that NCAA can give to a person.
• The NCAA Woman of the Year Award honors a senior-athlete student who has distinguished himself throughout his college career in academics, athletics, service, and leadership.
• Elite 90 Award, in honor of the students with the highest cumulative GPAs who have reached the competition in the final place for each of the NCAA 90 men's and women's championships (in Divisions I, II, and III, plus the "National Collegiate" Open Championship for schools from more than one division).
• Silver Anniversary Awards, honoring six famous former student athletes on the 25th anniversary of their college graduation.
• The Flying Wedge Award, one of NCAA's top honors that exemplifies outstanding leadership and service to the NCAA.
• The Big 10 Today Award, with respect to ten outstanding senior student athletes.
• Scholarship of Walter Byers, honoring athletes of male and female intellectuals.

In previous years, the NCAA has presented the following awards at the NCAA Honors event: Salut Astronaut, Business Leader's Honor, Salute Salute Congress Medal, Governor's Honor, Olympic Reverence, Performing Arts Salute, Kepatihan Presidential Cabinet, National Media Respect, Special Recognition Award , US House of Representatives Salute, and US Senate Salute.

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Other college athletic organizations

The NCAA is the dominant athletic organization, but not the only one, in the United States. Several other college athletic organizations exist.

In the United States

• National Association of Space Athletes (NAIA)
• The National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA)
• National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA)
• The American Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA)
• The Association for Space Athletics for Women (AIAW) - (dead) was dissolved in 1982, after the NCAA began sponsoring championships in women's sport
• Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC) - Community colleges in Washington and Oregon

The equivalent of a foreign university/interuniversity

• Student League (LIMA)
• UK Universities & amp; Sports College
• U Sports - the governing body for Canadian university sports
• Canadian Collegiate Athletics Association (CCAA)
• The National Association of Athletics (Philippines) (NCAA) and the Philippine University Athletic Association (UAAP) for the Philippines (among other leagues)

International governance body

• International Sport Federation (FISU) (FÃÆ' Â © dation Internationale du Sport Universitaire)

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See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

Further reading

Carter, W. Burlette (2006). "The Age of Innocence: The First 25 Years of NCAA, 1906-1931" (PDF) . Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology . 8 (2): 211-91. Ã,

Carter, W. Burlette (2000). "Student Athletes' Wellbeing in the Restructured NCAA" (PDF) . Virginia Journal of Sports and the Law . 8 (1): 1-103.

Carter, W. Burlette (2002). "Hear Death Knell for In Loco Parentis" (PDF) . Indiana Law Review . 35 (3): 851-923.

External links

• Official website
• NCAA administrative website

Source of the article : Wikipedia