In associate football, the referee is the person responsible for enforcing the Law of the Game during the game. He is the ultimate decision-making authority on all the facts related to the game, and is the only official on the ground with the authority to start and stop playing and apply disciplinary action against players during the game. At most levels of the game, the referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly known as the linesman), who are empowered to inform the referee in certain situations such as a ball leaving the game or a violation of the Law of the Game that occurs outside the referee's view; however, the decision of the assistant referee is not binding and the referee has the authority to override the assistant referee. At higher levels of play, referees can also be assisted by a fourth official who oversees the team's technical area and assists the referee with administrative tasks.
Remuneration of referees for their services varies between leagues. Many are entirely amateurs, some can be paid for small fees or replaced for fees, and, in some countries, a limited number of referees - especially those who lead in their country leagues - are employed full-time by their national associations and receive a retainer at the start of each season plus the cost of the game.
Referees are licensed and trained by the same national organization that is a member of FIFA. Each national organization recommends its top officials to FIFA for additional honors to be included in FIFA's International Referee List. International matches between national teams require FIFA officials. Otherwise, the local national organization determines how the training, ranking and progress of officials of the youngest youth game through professional matches.
Video Referee (association football)
Power and task
The strength and duty of referees is explained by Law 5 of the Law of the Game. These include:
Power
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- stop, suspend or stop the game at its discretion, for any violation of the Law;
- stop, suspend, or stop the game because of any kind of outside interference;
- stops the game if, in his opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensures that he is removed from the playing field. Injured players can only return to the playing field after the game is restarted,
- allows play to continue until the ball is not played again if a player, in his opinion, is only slightly injured;
- allows play to continue when teams against violations have committed will benefit from such benefits and punish the original offense if the anticipated gain does not occur;
- take disciplinary action against players guilty of offenses that can be warned and sent. He is not obligated to take this action immediately but must do so when the next ball comes out of the game;
- take action against team officials who fail to organize themselves in a responsible manner and may, at their discretion, remove them from the playing field and its immediate surroundings.
Tasks
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- uphold Game Law;
- control the game in cooperation with the assistant referee and, where possible, with the fourth official;
- ensure that any ball used meets the requirements of Act 2;
- ensure that player equipment meets the requirements of Law 4;
- acts as a timekeeper and keeps record of the match;
- ensure that any player who bleeds from the wound leaves the playing field. Players can only return by receiving a signal from the referee, who must be satisfied that the bleeding has stopped;
- punishes a more serious offense when a player commits more than one offense at the same time;
- acts on the assistant referee's advice regarding an incident he has not seen;
- ensure that no unauthorized person enters the game field;
- indicates the restart of the match after it is stopped;
- provide the appropriate authority with the match report, which includes information about any disciplinary action taken against players or team officials, substitutions, and other incidents that occurred before, during, or after the game.
Appropriate Act 9 games (Ball in and out of the game), if during ball game hits referee (or assistant) there is no termination in play. But officials will be expected to position themselves in such a way that this is unlikely to happen.
Maps Referee (association football)
Uniforms and equipment
Modern referees and their assistants wear uniforms consisting of jersey, badge, shorts, and socks: until the 1950s it was more common for a referee to wear a blazer than a jersey. Traditionally the uniform is almost always all black, except for one team wearing a very dark jersey so that the referee will wear another color uniform (usually red) to distinguish himself from both teams. In the 1994 World Cup final, new shirts were introduced that gave the red-wine, yellow or white voting officials, and at the same time the creation of the English League in England saw the referees wearing green jerseys: both changes were motivated by television considerations. Since then, most of the referees wear yellow or black, but the colors and styles adopted by individual associations vary widely. For an international contest under FIFA's supervision, Adidas uniforms are charged because Adidas is the current sponsor. FIFA allows the referee to wear five colors: black, red, yellow, green and blue. Along with the jersey, the referee is required to wear black shorts, black socks (with white stripes in some cases), and black shoes. The badge, which displays the referee's license level and the year of validity, is often affixed to the left breast pocket.
All referees carry whistles, watches, penalty cards, data purses with pens and paper, and coins to determine which team has a final or kick-off option. Most are encouraged to have more than one of them if they drop a whistle or pen out and so on. Often, the referee uses two watches so they can use one to calculate the lost time for termination for the purpose of adding time. At the highest level, the referee uses full-duplex radio with a special headset to communicate between each other and the assistant referee uses an electronic flag, which sends a signal to the referee when the button is pressed. In matches with goal-line technology, referees will have on their person the device to receive system alerts.
Whistle
Referees use whistles to help control the game. Whistles are sometimes required to stop, start or restart play but should not be used for all termination, start or restart. FIFA's law on Game documents provides guidance on when the whistle should and should not be used. Excessive use of whistles is not recommended because, as stated in the Act, "Whistles used too often unnecessarily will have less impact if necessary." Whistles are an essential tool for referees along with verbal, body and eye communication.
Before the introduction of the whistle, the referee indicated their decision by waving a white handkerchief. The whistle that was first adopted by the referee was made by Joseph Hudson at Mills Munitions in Birmingham, England. The Acme Whistle Company (based in Mills Munitions Factory) first started mass production of peanut whistles in the 1870s for the Metropolitan Police. It is often stated that the referee's whistle was first used in the game between Nottingham Forest and Norfolk Sheffield in 1878; However the last known fixture lasted between the two clubs in 1874. The Nottingham Forest account account of 1872 apparently recorded the purchase of a referee's whistle and in 1928 an article by RM Ruck about his playing days in the early 1870s referring on the whistle by the referee to indicate an offense.
The whistle was not mentioned in the Match Act until 1936 when the IFAB Decision was added as a footnote (b) to Law 2, stating "A Referee's control over the players due to inappropriate behavior or indecent behavior begins from the moment he enters the playing field, but his jurisdiction over the Game Law starts from the time he blows his whistle for the game to start. "
In 2007, when the IFAB expanded extensively on the Play Supplemental Games Act, a page full of advice on how and when whistles should be used as a communication and control mechanism by referees became available.
History
The referee in football was first described by Richard Mulcaster in 1581. In this description "photeball" he advocated the use of "judge over the parties". In the modern era, the referees were first advocated in English public school soccer games, particularly Eton football in 1845. The match report from Rochdale in 1842 showed its use in football matches between the Guard Club and the Fearnought Club.
In the early years of codified sports, it was assumed that disputes could be resolved adequately by discussions between male players who would never intentionally commit a foul. However, as the game becomes more competitive, the need for officials increases. Initially there are two referees, one per team, who can appeal with referees (game timers) who are "referenced" if the referee disagrees.
Promotion of referees for the dominant position they occupy right now, and refereeing reforms into ruling lines, took place as part of a massive restructuring of the law in 1891.
Positioning and responsibility
The dominant positioning and division of responsibility systems used by football game officials around the world are known as the Diagonal (DSC) control system.
The referee has final decision-making authority for all things. The referee was assisted by two assistant referees who suggested the referee. The referee's assistant opinion is only applicable if the referee accepts the judgment, and the referee has the authority to unilaterally refuse an assistant referee. Referees are the only officials empowered by starting and stopping games, and performing disciplinary actions such as warnings or resignations.
Two referee assistants are instructed by the referee for each half patrol of a tangent on the opposite side of the field. For example, in a north-south operating field, an assistant referee (AR) will run in the eastern path from the north goal line to the midline, while the other assistant referees will run on the west line from the south goal line to the midline. In general, the task of the assistant referee is to show (using their flag): when offside offense occurs in their half, when the ball has left the field, and if the offense has been committed out of the referee's view (usually in their quadrant on the field). Generally, AR will position itself according to the second or last opponent or ball - whichever is closer to the goal line - to better assess offside offenses. However, the referee's assistant will have a certain position with respect to corner kicks, penalty kicks, and throw-in.
Referees patrolled along the field to cover the ground that was not covered by his two assistants, generally running in a diagonal pattern from the southeast quadrant of the field to the northwest quadrant; then the term "diagonal control system". Note that this pattern is not a specific route but a general guide that should be modified to game style, game properties, game location at a certain time, etc. In some cases, the referee can even get out of the field if it helps in his decision-making ability. The main idea is that referees and assistants who use the DSC should be able to position themselves quickly and easily to observe important aspects of the game (offside, ball in or out of the game, scoring chances, challenges to the ball) from several corners with multiple pairs of eyes.
Note that the above description refers to the left-hand diagonal control system, known as "run left" or "standard diagonal". If, before the game, the central referee in this field decides to flee from the southwest to the northeast, then the assistants must position themselves accordingly and the result will be the proper diagonal control system, otherwise called "run right" or "reverse diagonal".
In many cases in England, referees now use more 'curves' based on the line running from the edge of the 18-yard box, and when near their center circle then curved to the level of the line with the other 18-yard box line. It's similar to a diagonal system, but with the speed of modern football it's easier to follow the game. It also helps referees avoid being on the general "passing lane" through the center circle itself.
In international matches, the left-wing diagonal shown above has been universal since the 1960s. Now dominant worldwide. The UK to date is an exception to this convention. Until 1974 the referee in the Football League was required to run both diagonals during the game, most opting to run from the right wing to the right wing in the first half before switching to the left wing diagonally for the second half. The main reason for this turn is to avoid those lines that use the same part of the line during the game - this is important given the quality of pitches in general at the time. However the diagonal switch was also justified in terms of allowing officials to patrol in various field areas during the game. From the 1974-75 season, British referees were allowed to run the same diagonal throughout the same game. Most initially opted for the right-wing diagonal though for years the left-wing diagonal became increasingly popular and the preferred choice of most of the referees in the early 2000s. From 2007-08, the left-wing diagonal has been required in professional English football although some referees at lower levels still use the opposite approach.
Its implementation as a standard practice for referees was attributed to Sir Stanley Rous, a former referee and FIFA President from 1961 to 1974.
Two referees
While the Game Law and FIFA mandate for one referee with an assistant as described above, the less common system, the dual system , has two referees without an assistant. This system used several games played under the rules of the National Federation of State School Associations (NFHS) in the United States, and in other youth or amateur matches. Both referees have the same authority, and one referee's decision binds the other. Each referee is primarily responsible for a specific field similar to the field of assistant referees in the diagonal system, except that the referee is allowed and pushed to move away from the touch line to the pitch, especially when playing near the goal line. Like an assistant referee in a diagonal system, each referee is responsible for patrolling one touch line and one goal line and determining possession to restart if the ball is out of the game on one of those two limits.
Positions in dual systems are similar to those used by officials in basketball: each good referee called "lead" or "trail", depending on the direction of the attack. If the attack is against the goal to the appropriate referee (when facing the field from the established contact line), then the referee is in charge, and the other is a trace. The lead is positioned in front of the game, even with the second defender to the last as far as possible, while the trail is positioned behind the game. Both are responsible for calling violations and errors and determining restarts when the ball is out of the game in one of the assigned boundary lines. Because leads are in a better position to determine offside, leads are responsible for calling offside, while the trail provides additional monitors for offenses and errors when lead attention is focused on offside. When the attack changes direction, the trail becomes a leader and vice versa.
Despite the use of two refereeing systems especially in amateur football, FIFA has experimented with it, and UEFA has lobbied FIFA to apply it at the highest level of the game.
See also
- List of football umpires
- The assistant referee (football association)
- Misconduct (football)
- FIFA World Cup Referee
- FA Cup Final Referee
- Football referees in England
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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