Jolly Roger is the traditional English name for flags flown to identify pirate ships that will attack, at the beginning of the 18th century (the final part of the Golden Age of Piracy).
The most commonly identified flag as Jolly Roger today, the symbol of the skull and crossbones on a black flag, was used during the 1710s by a number of pirate captains including Black Sam Bellamy, Edward England, and John Taylor, and it later became a pirate flag most commonly used during the 1720s.
Video Jolly Roger
Origins
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The use of the term Jolly Roger in reference to the pirate flag goes back to at least Charles Johnson General History of Pyrates, published in England in 1724.
Johnson specifically quotes two pirates who have named their flag "Jolly Roger": Bartholomew Roberts in June 1721 and Francis Spriggs in December 1723. While Spriggs and Roberts use the same name for their flags, their flag design is very different, indicating that already "Jolly Roger" is a generic term for a black pirate flag rather than a name for a single special design. Both Spriggs and Roberts' Jolly Roger consist of skulls and crossbones.
Richard Hawkins, who was captured by pirates in 1724, reported that the pirates had a black flag bearing a skeletal figure piercing the heart with a spear, which they named "Jolly Roger".
It is sometimes claimed that this term is derived from "Jolie Rouge" ("Pretty Red") refers to the red flag used by the French privateer. This hypothesis is considered a false etymology, because the phrase "Jolie Rouge" refers to the pirate flag not appearing in the source of history.
Other early references to "Old Roger" are found in news reports in the Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer (London, Saturday, 19 October 1723; Issue LVII, page 2, col.1):
Part of the West-Indies. Rhode-Island, July 26. Today, 26 of the Pirates taken by the Noble Ship, Greyhound, Captain Solgard , are executed here. Some of them say what they have to say in writing, and most of them say something at the Execution Place, advise all People, especially the young, to receive warnings from their unhappy Fates, and to avoid the evil that leads them there. Their black flag, where they have done a great deal of Pyracies and Murders, is attached to one of the Corner of the Gallows. In it, Portraiture of Death, with Hour-Glass in One Hand, and Dart in the other hand, hit the Heart, and three Blood Drops are described as falling from it. This flag they are called Old Roger , and we will say, They will live and die underneath .
Design
The first recorded use of the skull-and-crossbones symbol on the date of the naval flag to the 17th century. It probably originated among the Barbarian pirates of the period, which would link the black color of Jolly Roger to the Muslim Black Standard (black flag). But early references to the Muslim carousel fly the skull symbol, in the context of the 1625 slave attack in Cornwall, explicitly referring to the symbol shown on the green flag. There is a mention of Francis Drake who raised the black flag as early as 1585, but the historicity of this tradition has been questioned. Contemporary accounts show Peter Easton using a plain black flag in 1612; the plain black flag was also used by Captain Martel's pirates in 1716, Edward Teach aka Blackbeard, Charles Vane, and Richard Worley in 1718, and Howell Davis in 1719.
A preliminary note of the skull-and-crossbones design used on the (red) flag by pirates is found in a 6 December 1687 entry in a log book held by the BibliothÃÆ'¨que nationale de France. This entry describes a pirate using a flag, not on a ship but on land.
The 17th and 18th century colonial governors usually needed privateers to fly a specific version of the British flag, 1606 Union Jack with the white insignia in the center, also distinguish them from naval vessels. Prior to this time, British privateers such as Sir Henry Morgan sailed under English colors. The initial use of black flags with skulls, crossbones, and hourglass was attributed to pirate captain Emanuel Wynn in 1700, according to various secondary sources. Reportedly, these secondary sources are based on Captain John Cranby's account of HMS Poole and verified at the London Public Records Office.
With the end of the Spanish Succession War in 1714, many people turned to piracy. They still use red and black flags, but now they decorate them with their own designs. Edward England, for example, flew three distinct flags: from the main flag of the black flag depicted above; from the same red version of the foremast; and from his banner hoist the British national flag. Just as variations on Jolly Roger's design exist, red flags are sometimes inserted in yellow stripes or symbolic images of death. Colored banners and ribbons can also be used with flags.
Marcus Rediker (1987) claims that most of the active pirates between 1716 and 1726 are part of one of two large, interconnected groups that share many similarities within the organization. He stated that this explains "the relative adoption of a pirate black flag among a group of people operating in thousands of nautical miles", suggesting that the skull-and-clavicle design became standard at the same time as the Jolly Roger term > adopted as its name. By 1730, the diversity of symbols in previous usages had largely been replaced by standard designs. Maps Jolly Roger
Historical design
The gallery below shows the pirate flags used since 1693 (Thomas Tew's) until 1724 (Edward Low's) appear in some extant works about the history of piracy. All secondary sources quoted in the gallery below are in agreement except for the background color of each flag.
There is a source depicting Jolly Rogers from other pirates than the above; also, the pirates described above sometimes use other Jolly Rogers than those shown above. However, none of these alternative Jolly Rogers images are easy to find.
- John Phillips. Hanged by two pirates John Phillips, Boston News-Letter reported: "At one end of the pole is having a black flag, in the middle of anatomy, and on one side there is an arrow in the heart, with a drop of blood flowing from it, and on the other side an hour of glass. "
- Edward Low. Low is used at least two other flags other than its famous red frame. One of them is "Skeliton white in the Middle, with Dart in one Hand striking Heart bloody, and on the other hand, Clock-Glass." The others were described by George Roberts, a Low's prisoner, as a call to the council among the Low ships: "a green silk flag with a yellow figure of a man blowing a trumpet on it."
- Francis Spriggs is reported to have flown Jolly Roger synonymous with one of Low's, from which he has left: "The white Skeliton in the Middle, with Dart in one hand bleeding Heart, and on the other , Clock-Glass. "
- Walter Kennedy . The Jolly Roger flag pictured above for Kennedy was flown at his base, that is, at the stern of his ship. Kennedy also flies a jack (at the prow of the ship) and a banner (long long flag flies from the top of the pole). Jack Kennedy and his banner just "just head and bones".
- Florida Straits pirates . On May 2, 1822, Massachusetts brigantine Belvidere parried an attack by a pirate schooner in the Florida Strait. The pirates "raised the red flag with the head of death and the cross underneath". Neither the pirate nor the captain's name was identified by Belvidere .
- In 1780, the pirate flag was captured in a battle off the coast of North Africa by Lt. Richard Curry, who later became an admiral. The flag is red with yellow skulls and crossbones. In 1783, William Falconer reported that "[t] the colors normally displayed by pirates are laid into black fields, with the heads of deaths, war axes and clock-glass," but do not state which pirates or pirates allegedly show the device this.
Use in practice
Pirates do not fly Jolly Roger any time. Like other ships, pirate ships usually store different flags, and will usually fly false or colorless colors until they have their prey within range of fire. When the intended victim of the pirate is within reach, Jolly Roger will be resurrected, often simultaneously with warning shots.
The flag may be intended as a pirate identity communication, which may have allowed the target ships to change their minds and surrender without resistance. For example, in June 1720 when Bartholomew Roberts sailed to the port at Trepassey, Newfoundland with a flying black flag, the crew of 22 vessels at the port left them in a panic. If a ship then decides to refuse, Jolly Roger is lowered and a red flag is flown, suggesting that the pirates intend to take the ship by force and without mercy. Richard Hawkins reports that "When they fought under Jolly Roger, they gave a quarter, which they did not do when they fought under a red or bloody flag."
In view of these models, it is important for a prey ship to know that its attacker is a pirate, and not a private or government ship, since the latter two generally have to abide by the rule that if a crew refuses, but then surrenders it can not be executed:
Therefore, angry pirates pose a greater danger to merchant ships than to angry coast guards or sparks. Because of this, although, like pirate ships, Spanish coast guard vessels and privateers are almost always stronger than the merchant ships they attack, merchant ships may be more willing to try against these "legitimate" attackers than their piracy counterparts. To achieve their goal of taking a prize without a costly battle, it is therefore important for pirates to differentiate themselves from other ships that also take gifts in the oceans.
While pirates use red, or bloody, and black flags, there is a difference between the two. In the mid-18th century, Captain Richard Hawkins insisted that the pirates gave a quarter under a black flag, while a quarter were given under a red flag.
Flying a Jolly Roger is a reliable way to prove yourself as a pirate. Just owning or using Jolly Roger is considered as proof that someone is a criminal pirate rather than something more legitimate; just a pirate who dared to fly Jolly Roger, because he was already under threat of execution.
Modern military usage
After the introduction of a submarine in several navies, Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson, the First Sea God of the Royal Navy, declared that the submarine was "fraudulent, unfair, and cursed not speaking English", and that he would convince the British Navy to has an enemy submarine crew captured during wartime hanged as a pirate.
In September 1914, the British submarine HMSÃ, E9 successfully torpedoed a German yacht, SMS Hela . Remembering Wilson's statement, commander Max Horton instructed his submarine crew to produce Jolly Roger, who was flown off the sub as he entered the harbor. Every successful patrol saw Hormon submarine fly an additional Jolly Roger until there was no more room for a flag, where Horton's point produced a large Jolly Roger, where the symbols show E9 ' flew red flags with skulls and crossbones when returning from a plunge to the Dardanelles in June 1915, and the first known photo of the exercise was taken. in July 1916 aboard the HMSÃ, H5 .
This exercise restarted during World War II. In October 1941, after a successful patrol by HMS
The symbols on the flag indicate the history of the submarine, and it is the responsibility of the ship's personnel to keep the flag updated. The Royal Navy Submarine Museum (which, in 2004, has fifteen Jolly Rogers) recognizes 20 unique symbols. A bar shows the ship's torpedo: red bar denotes warship, white bar represents merchant ship, and black bar with white "U" means U boat. Daggers show 'robe and dagger' operations: usually shipping or restoring the coast from enemy territory. The stars (sometimes around the opposite cannons) stand for an occasion where the shotgun rifle is fired. Minelaying operations are shown by the silhouette of a quarry: a number inside the mine show how many missions are. Lighthouses or flashlights symbolize the use of boats as navigational markers for invasion forces; the latter more specifically related to Operation Torch. Rescue personnel from falling planes or drowned vessels are marked with lifebuoys. Unique symbols are used to indicate a one-off incident: for example, Jolly Roger of HMSÃ, Proteus includes a can opener, referring to an incident in which an Italian destroyer tried to hit a submarine, but ended worse. off due to damage to the destroyer's hull by submarine submarines, while HMS Unite added storks and babies when the boat commander became a father while on patrol. The Flying the Jolly Roger continues at the end of the 20th century and continues until the 21st. HMSÃ, Conqueror raises a flag adorned with the silhouette of the cruiser to recognize his successful attack on the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the Falklands War. Several submarines returned from missions where Tomahawk cruise missiles fired Jolly Rogers with a tomahawk ax is depicted, with crossed tomahawk showing the number of unspecified firings, or individual axes for each successful launch. The Jolly Roger has been adopted as the logo of the Royal Navy Submarine Service.
This exercise, although commonly associated with British submarines, is not limited to them. During World War II, the Allied submarine crew working with Royal Navy fleets adopted the process of their British counterparts. When operating in the Mediterranean, the Polish submarine ORP SokÃÆ'³? and ORP Dzik presented with Jolly Rogers by General W? Adys? Aw Sikorski, and continued to update it during the war. At least one British surface ship recorded their U-boats killing through a silhouette on Jolly Roger. The Australian submarine HMASÃ, Onslow flew Jolly Roger in 1980, following his successful participation in Kangaroo 3 as an opposing submarine: the flag overshadowed the silhouette of seven involved surface ships, as during practice, Onslow has succeeded in 'drowning' the seventh.
During the Vietnam war, an urgent airfield was needed at Qu? Ng Tr? by US forces. US Seabee Battalions 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 74, 121, and 133 all sent male detachments and equipment to complete the work. The detachments called themselves Ghost Battalions and chose Jolly Roger for Battalion colors.
At least twice in 2017, USS Jimmy Carter, an American submarine that has been modified to support special forces operations has returned to his home port, flying a Jolly Roger. The reason for flags in both cases is unknown.
Popular culture
The Jolly Roger Flag became a cliché of pirate fiction in the 19th century. The "Golden Age of Piracy" ended in the mid-18th century, and piracy was widely suppressed by the 1800s, although the Barbarian piracy problem persisted until the French conquest in Algeria in 1830. In the Victorian era, the threat of pirates had quite receded for it became a fictional adventure topos boyish, mainly influenced by Stevenson 1883 Treasure Island . Gilbert and Sullivan The Pirates of Penzance introduced pirates as comedy characters, and since the late 20th century, pirates wearing the Jolly Roger flag are often portrayed as cartoon characters or ridiculous. J.M. Barrie also uses it as the name of Captain Hook's pirate ship at Peter and Wendy ; it is then used in most character adaptions, including ABC Once Upon A Time .
In music
Lagu "Jolly Roger" muncul di album Adam and the Ants Kings of the Wild Frontier (1980).
Single Kenny Chesney "Pirate Flag", from his fourteenth studio album Life on a Rock (2013).
On the cover of the Iron Maiden album, A Matter of Life and Death (2006), a version of Jolly Roger depicting Eddie's helmet and two assault rifles instead of the bones shown hanging in the tank.
Also on the cover of Michael Jackson's album Dangerous (1991), this can be seen on the left side with a skull change over two swords.
A re-released version of Megadeth's album, Killing Is My Business... and Business is Good! (1985), showing a stylish Vic Rattlehead skull over a crossed sword and crossed bone. It's based on Mustaine's original image for the cover that the band did not have enough money to produce at the time.
The "pirate" metal band Running Wild often refers to Jolly Roger and other pirate related themes in their music.
The Pirates, a spin-off from Johnny Kidd & amp; The Pirates, released an album titled Out of the Skulls that features a skull with a cross guitar underneath. [1]
British DJ Eddie Richards released the acid house hit "Acid Man" in 1988 under Jolly Roger aka.
In sports
A number of sports teams have been known to use variations of Jolly Roger, with one of the most recognizable in current usage, the adaptation of Calico Jack's pirate flag, with a red background of karnelian instead of black, is that of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers National League Soccer, with American football above the crossing area of ​​two swords.
Supporters of FC St. Pauli, a sports club from Hamburg, Germany, famous for his association football team, has adopted a variation of the Richard Worley flag as their own unofficial emblem. Also, Jolly Roger is a popular icon of all sports teams University College Cork (Ireland).
"Raise Jolly Roger!" was also used in a statement by Major League Baseball team, Pittsburgh Pirates broadcaster Greg Brown when the Pirates won the game. Brown has become famous for his phrases, his distinctive vocation, similar to other sports announcers, such as the Cincinnati Reds announcer phrase Marty Brennamen ('This belongs to the Reds'), and former pirate broadcaster Lanny Frattare ("No doubt about it!") And Bob Prince, who likes to end the Pirates wins with the same cheerful remarks.
Another variation is the Oakland Raiders, he uses a head with facial features, wearing a blindfold and a helmet, the crossed sword behind the helmet completes the image.
All of these variations are seen as sports team logos in (Scotland):
- The Braehead Paisley Pirates/Paisley Pirates of Scottish National League and The Paisley Buccaneers and Riversdale Pirates from the Scottish Hockey Recreation Conference
- East Kilbride Pirates American football team in BAFA Division 1
- Edinburgh Buccaneers basketball club from the Scottish National League of Scotland
The football team of the South African Football Association Orlando Pirates also has Jolly Roger's classic as their logo.
The East Carolina University athletics team uses the Jolly Roger style as one of their logos. These special variations include a skull wearing earrings and wearing lenses wearing purple and gold tricorn (school colors) adorned with two crossbones. The logo appears on the helm of the school football team, and a complicated pre-game ritual takes place before every home contest in which the Jolly Roger University logo banner is raised on a special flagpole located behind the western edge zone before opening the kickoff. Immediately prior to the start of the fourth quarter, the normal Jolly Roger (black) is lowered and replaced with a flag that brings ECU Jolly Roger on a red background, indicating that the Pirates will give their opponents "not a quarter".
The Blackshirts, an early defense unit player for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, represented by Jolly Roger, somewhat similar to the banner of Richard Worley but with a skull wrapped in a team's football helmet. In addition, players and fans often celebrate by "throwing bones", where they cross the arm in front of the chest in the 'X' imitating logo, and the student section at Memorial Stadium, Lincoln is known as 'Boneyard', where the logo is often displayed on banners, signs and flags in the act of intimidation.
When Viktor Korchnoi opposed Anatoly Karpov for the 1978 World Chess Championship, he was a defector of the Soviet Union and had no citizenship; so he plays with miniature Jolly Roger on the chess table.
Other uses
The Flag of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society is modeled to look like a classic Jolly Roger, with some changes. the flag has whales and dolphins on the forehead of the skull, and crossed long bones replaced with crossed horns and shepherds shepherds.
Apple Macintosh's early development team used the pirate flag to keep up the "rebellious" spirit.
Before turning into 'P', the Pirate Party uses Jolly Roger as its symbol; it is still widely used in the Pirate movement. PiratbyrÃÆ'  ¥ n and The Pirate Bay also use the skull and crossbones symbols, or their derivatives, such as the Home Taping Is Killing Music logo.
See also
- Ossuary
- The Black Flag of Anarchism
- Black Standard
- Maritime flag
- Raven Banner
- Totenkopf
- VF-61 VF-84 VF-103 "Jolly Rogers" US Navy fighter squadron
References
Explanation notes
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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