A sports fantasy (also known less commonly as rotisserie or roto ) is a type of online game in which participants collect an imaginary or virtual team of real players from sports professional. These teams compete based on the players' statistical performance in the actual game. This performance is converted into compiled points and calculated based on the list selected by each fantasy team manager. This point system can be simple enough to be manually calculated by "league commissioners" who coordinate and manage the league as a whole, or points can be compiled and calculated using computers that track the actual results of professional sports. In fantasy sports, team owners design, trade and cut (drop) players, analogous to real sports.
Simulation games such as Strat-O-Matic are not considered fantasy sports, as they are not assessed using the tangible results of actual sporting events.
Video Fantasy sport
Histori
Sejarah awal
The concept of choosing players and running contests based on their year-to-date statistics has been around since shortly after World War II. One of the earliest published accounts about fantasy sports involves Oakland businessmen and one-time Oakland Raiders, limited partner, Wilfred, "Bill" Winkenbach. He designed fantasy golf in the late 1950s. Each player chooses a professional golfer team and the person with the lowest total number of strokes at the end of the tournament will win. Golf is a simple fantasy game to organize and watch over, as each participant is only concerned with the score of his team members without anything else to complicate it. However, it is never organized into a widespread hobby or a formal business.
In Oakland in 1962, Winkenbach formed the first reported fantasy football league, called the Greater Oakland Professional Pig Progress League (GOPPPL), with eight teams. George Blanda was the first player to be taken in the first draft in 1963. 1963 draft results
The first fantasy baseball league reported began in Boston in 1960. Harvard University sociologist William Gamson started the "Baseball Seminar" in which colleagues would form a list of names that earned points on the player's final peak in the average batting, RBI, ERA and win. Gamson then brought the idea with him to the University of Michigan where several professors played the game. A professor who plays the game is Bob Sklar, who teaches an American Studies seminar that includes Daniel Okrent, who knows the game played by his professor. At about the same time the league of Glassboro State College also formed the same baseball league and had its first draft in 1976.
The establishment of a modern rotisserie
An important development in fantasy sports came with the development of the Rotisserie Baseball League in 1980 (although research shows the team of players from Southern New Jersey have run the same style league since 1976 making them the first Rotisserie players). The magazine writer/editor, Daniel Okrent, is credited with creating it, the name comes from a New York City restaurant, La Rotisserie Francaise, where he and some friends usually meet and play. The game's innovation is that the "owners" in the Rotisserie league will draw up teams from a list of active Major League Baseball players and will follow their statistics during the ongoing season to collect their scores. In other words, instead of running a realistic simulation using statistics for seasons where the results are already known, the owner must make the same predictions about the player's playing time, health, and performance expected to be performed by a true baseball manager.
Since Okrent is a member of the media, other journalists, especially sports journalists, are introduced to the game. Many early players were introduced to the game by this sports reporter, especially during the 1981 Major Baseball strike; with little else to write, many baseball writers write columns about Rotisserie leagues. July 8, 1980 The New York Times article titled "What George Steinbrenner for the American League, Lee Eisenberg for the Rotisseries League" sparked a media storm that gave rise to league stories on CBS TV and other publications.
In March 1981, Dan Okrent wrote an essay on the Rotisserie League for Inside Sports called "The Unworthy George Foster's $ 36." The article includes the rules of the game. The founder of the original Rotisserie league published guidebook started in 1984. In 1982, Ballantine published the first widely available Bill James Abstract, which helped fuel fantasy flowers. Fantasy enthusiasts often use James's statistical and analytical tools as a way to improve their team. James is not a fantasy player and almost never gets baseball fantasy in his annual abstract, but fantasy baseball interest is credited with his strong sales.
In 1988, USA Today estimated there were thousands of leagues in the US, usually 8 to 12 players. The hobby has spread to football as well.
Growth and original participants
Within a few years after Okrent helped popularize fantasy baseball, a number of experts and businesses appeared to serve a thriving hobby. Okrent, based on discussions with colleagues at USA Today, the Rotisserie baseball league credit with much early USA Today success, as the paper provides a much more detailed box value than most competitors and finally even creates a special paper, Baseball Weekly >, which almost exclusively contains statistics and box scores.
The first experts recorded to have written fantasy baseball articles for USA Today are John Benson, Alex Patton, and Ron Shandler. Perhaps the most famous fantasy baseball expert in the late 1980s and early 1990s was Benson, who published his first fantasy baseball book in 1989. Later that year, Benson developed the first draft simulation program, the software he still sells today.
Patton published his first book ("Patton 1989 Fantasy Baseball League Price Guide") in 1989 and his doling values ​​were included in USA Today Baseball Weekly's annual fantasy throughout the 1990s. Ron Shandler published his "Baseball SuperSTATS" book in November 1986. Originally, the book was not meant for fans of fantasy baseball, but rather as a Sabretical analysis book.
Fantasy football also sees new business and growth. The Fantasy Football Index became the first annual fantasy football guide in 1987. Fantasy Sports Magazine debuted in 1989 as the first regular publication covering more than one fantasy sport. Fantasy Football Weekly was launched in 1992 (later Fanball.com) and had $ 2 million in revenue in 1999. A large number of companies appear to calculate statistics for fantasy leagues and mainly send results via fax.
In 1993, USA Today included a weekly columnist on baseball fantasy, John Hunt, and he became probably the most visible author in the industry before the advent of the Internet. Hunt started his first high-profile league expert, the Alternative Baseball Reality League that first included key figures such as Peter Gammons, Keith Olbermann and Bill James.
Hobbies continue to grow with 1 million to 3 million playing from 1991 to 1994.
Modern time
Internet explosion
A major factor in the growth of fantasy sports was the emergence of the Internet and personal computers in the mid-1990s. New technology lowers the barrier to entry into hobbies because statistics can be compiled quickly and news and information becomes available.
In early October 1995, what would become a popular fantasy hockey website was released by Molson Breweries. It is part of the company's "My Online" strategy and is centered on the "I Canadian Canadian" advertising campaign; it will focus on music, entertainment, and hockey. This website allows visitors to sign up for an account and participate in a nine team hockey league where visitors will become the general manager for one of these teams. The general manager will put together a team of a group of NHL players, and will later be able to negotiate with other teams in the league. The dispute will be arbitrated by the commissioner via email. This site includes daily updates of NHL statistics, and also displays content from the Hockey Hall of Fame. On May 24, 1996, Molson Breweries won the International Digital Media Award for the best website of 1995.
Business fantasy began migrating to the internet in the mid-1990s. In 1997, two such sites that debuted were Commissioner.com and RotoNews.com.
Commissioner.com was launched on January 1, 1997 and first offered a fantasy baseball commissioner service that offers real-time statistics, league message boards, updated daily box scores, and other features. Commissioner.com was sold to SportsLine in late 1999 with cash and shares worth $ 31 million. The sale proved that fantasy sports grew from a hobby into a big business. In 2003, Commissioner.com helped SportsLine generate $ 11 million of fantasy revenue. Commissioner.com is now a fantasy sports machine behind the fantasy area of ​​CBSSports.com (after SportsLine was sold to CBS in 2004).
RotoNews.com was also released in January 1997 and published the first player record on February 16, 1997. RotoNews added an additional value to fantasy sports players by making player records, which is a snippet of information every time a player is injured, traded, deflected or has a news event affect its fantasy value - all can be searched in real-time databases. Most sites today follow how RotoNews has "news" and "analysis" elements for each player update. Within two years, RotoNews has become one of the ten most widely traded sports sites on the web, according to Media Metrix, ranked higher than sites like NBA.com.RotoNews.com was sold to Broadband Sports in 1999 and later survived as RotoWire. com.
Fantasy sports revenue growth attracts bigger media players. Yahoo.com added a fantasy sport in 1999 and offered most of its games for free - the most recent business model for fantasy sports. A trade group for the industry, Fantasy Sports Trade Association was formed in 1998.
Other entries to the market during this era include Fanball.com, launched in 1999 by parent company Fantasy Football Weekly.
An initial survey of the fantasy sports market in the US in 1999 showed 29.6 million people aged 18 and older played a fantasy game. However, that figure was reduced in subsequent years when the survey determined also included people playing in the NCAA bracket pool, which is not a fantasy sport, as they are involved in picking teams, not individual players.
Internet Age
While fantasy sports were fueled by the Internet dot-com boom, there was a tumultuous period when many Internet companies that flew high in that era fell in 2001. Fanball.com went bust in 2001, (then reappeared in 2001). RotoNews.com parent company, Broadband Sports, out of business in 2001. The company will reappear as RotoWire.com.
There are also different business models. RotoNews.com launched its first free web service commissioner in 1998, quickly becoming the largest league management service. Yahoo.com became the first major media company to offer games for free in 1999. Due to increased competition, Commissioner.com, which has charged as much as $ 300, offered its commissioner services for free starting with football in 2000.
Two years later the trend reversed. Sportsline moves back to the payment model for commissioner services (most of which still exist today). TheHuddle.com, a free site since 1997, began charging for information. RotoWire.com moved from free model to paid model in 2001 as well. Despite the economic instability, fantasy sports began to become a major hobby. In 2002, the NFL found that the average man surveyed spent 6.6 hours a week watching NFL on TV; Fantasy players surveyed said they watched 8.4 hours of NFL per week. "This is the first time we can show specifically that playing fantasy encourages watching TV," said Chris Russo, senior vice president of NFL. The NFL started running a promotional television campaign for fantasy football featuring current players for the first time. Previous fantasy sports have largely been seen in negative light by major sports leagues.
Fantasy sports continue to grow with the 2003 Sports Trade Association survey showing 15 million people playing fantasy football and spending about $ 150 a year on average, making it a $ 1.5 billion industry. Recently an article 2013 by Forbes.com showed 32 million Americans spending $ 467 per person or about $ 15 billion in total play. https://www.forbes.com/sites/briangoff/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/#30a3709d755c
In the fall of 2008, Lottery Montana, one of only four US states legalizing sports betting at the time, began offering fantasy sports betting for the first time.
Since 2012, there are many applications built for fantasy. This app, and the nature of play in it, transforms the fantasy sports landscape and how users consume it.
Daily fantasy sports
A daily fantasy sports contest (or DFS) is played in a shorter period of time, such as one week of the season, rather than the entire season. The daily fantasy game is usually played as a "contest" that is charged an entrance fee, which funds the advertised rewards and partial administrative fees collected as revenue for the service.
Daily fantasy sports began appearing in 2007 with the launch of Fantasy Sports Live. In 2008, NBC launched SnapDraft; and FanDuel quickly became the leading DFS site soon after it was launched in 2009. DFS is experiencing major improvements in terms of excellence in 2014 and 2015 with the dramatic growth of two competing services: DraftKings and FanDuel. Both received venture capital investment from various companies, including sports teams and broadcasters, and became famous for running an aggressive marketing campaign with an emphasis on big cash prizes.
The legality of the daily fantasy game has been challenged, with criticism, as well as the state of Nevada, arguing that they are more like a bet proposition on athletes performance than traditional fantasy sports games, while DraftKings' CEO has referred to his game as similar to online poker. DFS providers have cited fantasy sports exceptions by UIGEA as a general exception to their legality; Their legality is subject to how each country classifies the game of coincidence.
Daily Fantasy Sports has not been historically offered in 5 states [Iowa, Arizona, Louisiana, Montana, Washington] that have laws that claim games involving opportunities are gambling. In addition, several other states have a bleak legal environment for fantasy sports contests paid for with negative opinions of AG or in the case of Nevada, which require a gambling license. As a result, Draftkings and Fanduel are active in only 39 states. Not currently receiving customers in Washington, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, Hawaii, Iowa, Louisiana, Alabama or Nevada. In addition, Fanduel does not accept customers from Texas. In his final speech at the January 2016 FTSA conference in Dallas, FIFA Sports Trade Association president Paul Charchian said, "We need to officially legalize the fantasy game in 50 states."
However, since the initial legal challenge, 19 countries have enacted laws stating that the DFS contest is a legal skill game.
Maps Fantasy sport
Industry overview
Industry size
In May 2015, research firm Australian research firm IBISWorld reported that the fantasy sport is a $ 2B industry, experiencing a 10.7% annual growth, and employs 4,386 people in 292 businesses.
According to the Fantasy Sports Trade Association, Fantasy Sports is a $ 7.22 billion industry with 59.3 million fantasy sports players in the United States and Canada in 2016.
Market growth
Previous studies conducted by FSTA in 2013, showing 33.5 million people aged 12 and over in the US with FSTA Study 2011 show 3.1 million people in Canada play fantasy sports. A 2006 study showed 22 percent of US adult males aged 18 to 49, with Internet access, playing fantasy sports. Fantasy Sports is estimated to have an annual economic impact of $ 3- $ 4 Billion across the sports industry. Since 2011, non-beta fantasy sports users have grown 25% yearly. And with the help of the growing media and sports fantasy market, FanDuel and Fantasy's fantasy sports leagues are able to generate more than $ 300 million in investments from companies like Comcast, NBC Sports and Time Warner. The new development of daily fantasy sports is where great growth can be seen, "... daily fantasy spending is a jumping spot: $ 257 per year by 2015, while players only spend $ 5 in 2012."
International growth of fantasy sports
The fantasy sports hobby has also moved beyond the US fantasy league to soccer, cricket, and other sports. For example, according to a 2008 study by Paris, the French research firm Ipsos, the number of British fantasy sports players aged 16-64 is estimated to range from 5.5 to 7.5 million. Of them, 80 percent of these players participate in fantasy football. The current leading fantasy sports organizer in the UK is the English Premier League, which counts over 4 million users for the 2016/17 season. Compared with the United States, Britain has about 5% of the participating population, while the United States has about 10% of its population playing fantasy sports.
Demographics
The FSTA industry group collects and presents statistics showing the percentage of fantasy sports players compared to the general population in the United States and Canada (Age 12).
In relation to the consumption habits of fantasy managers, demographic and psychographic studies have found the average participants are: men (80%), Caucasians (91%), holding a bachelor's degree or higher (70%), have more than five years internet experience (84%), generating an average of $ 94,000, and spending about $ 200 for entrance fees and other fantasy related expenses. Fantasy players are also stronger consumers of the following products than the general population: beer/alcohol, fast food, flight travel, video games, sports magazines, athletic shoes, cell phones and credit card use.
Projection for market
In September 2015, Forbes reported that Eilers Research projected that a daily fantasy game would generate about $ 2.6 billion in entrance fees this year and grow 41% annually, reaching $ 14.4 billion by 2020.
Trade association
The Fantasy Sports Trade Association was formed in 1997 to represent emerging industries. Beginning in 2000, FSTA has honored previous members and contributors to fantasy sports with induction to its Hall of Fame.
The Fantasy Sports Writers Association was formed in 2004 to represent a growing number of journalists covering exclusive fantasy sports. The Fantasy Sports Association was formed in 2006 as a rival trade group, but folded in 2010.
Legal issues in the United States
The Unauthorized Internet Gambling Prohibition Act of 2006 (UIGEA), entered into as part of the 2006 "Value Agenda" and was added as an amendment to unrelated SAFE PORT ACT. UIGEA generally prohibits the transfer of funds to businesses that engage in unlawful Internet bets. But UIGEA itself does not define unlawful Internet bets, and strictly refrains from altering the legality of the underlying behavior other than fund transfers.
While it does not alter the legality of any particular activity that is permitted or prohibited under other laws, it contains some explicit exceptions to the prohibition of funds transfers. One exception to UIGEA's ban is for fantasy sports that meet certain criteria. In particular, fantasy sports based on real athlete teams from some real-world teams, who have prizes set before the event begins, which uses the participants' skills to determine the outcome, are exempt from the bet or bet definition which is the basis for requiring the bank to identify and block fund transfers. According to Congressman Leach, a UIGEA writer, an exception, especially one for fantasy sports, was included to ease the law enforcement burden on banks and UIGEA did not make the sport a legal fantasy.
Because UIGEA excludes fantasy sports from bet or bet definitions, there is a misconception that fantasy sports are made legal by UIGEA. However UIGEA is not a criminal gambling law, and it specifically does not change the law of criminal gambling and therefore does not make the sport a legal fantasy. Criminal federal gambling laws are found in Title 18 of the US Code, such as the Federal Wire Act 18 US Code Ã,§ 1084 (which prohibits interstate sports gambling) and Illegal Gambling Business Law 18 US Code Ã,§ 1955 ( which prohibits interstate behavior) of betting activities prohibited under state law). In contrast, UIGEA is found in Title 31 with other anti-money laundering and finance laws.
Whether state laws can govern fantasy sports depends on whether fantasy sports are a form of sports betting under federal law. This is because the Federal Wire Act obstructs state laws and prohibits sports betting on cross-state or foreign trade. In addition, with regard to intrastate trade, the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection measures prohibit the state from authorizing and managing any bets, sweepstakes, bets, sweepstakes or other betting schemes based directly or indirectly on games in which professional or amateur athletes participate or on performance any athlete in such a game.
In the case of fantasy sports not considered a form of sports betting, then the state may have a role in determining their legality. Under most state laws, lotteries are illegal only if they involve three elements: entry fees (known as "considerations"), prizes ("rewards", in legal terms) and opportunities. Whether the sport of fantasy is a lottery varies from state to state and depends on the definition of "opportunity" that the state interprets. For some states, if the skill dominates the outcome of the event, then the contest is legitimate, and passes the so-called "dominant factor test". Other countries with a more stringent definition of opportunity, called "opportunity testing", have made fantasy football illegal.
Some countries have clarified that the fantasy sports contest paid is a skill game and exempt from the gambling law, starting with Maryland in 2012.
One exception is the state of Nevada, which has an exception at PASPA to allow sports betting. Attorney General Nevada issued an opinion that found the Daily Fantasy Sports to be a sports bet, similar to the current bet offered by Nevada Sports Books. The opinion states that Daily Fantasy Sports is not illegal in Nevada; However, a sports pool license is required for activities in Nevada.
Some Public Defenders have also issued an opinion that the Daily Fantasy Sports is a form of sports betting. The Florida Attorney General's opinion in 1991 questioned the legality of the fantasy football contest, but the company has operated in the state without legal action. Since then the other nine AGs have issued options, statements or formal opinions that equate DFS with gambling.
However, several other Attorney General have expressed the opinion that DFS is a legal skill game. In August 2015 in Kansas, due to uncertainty with the position of the Racing and Gaming Commission of the country, the state attorney general expressed the opinion that the daily fantasy sport is a skill game and thus permitted under state law. Kansas Governor Sam Brownback signed the law a month later passing the fantasy game. The Attorney General of West Virginia and Rhode Island also issued an opinion clarifying the legality of DFS and paying for fantasy sports.
By December 2017, 18 countries have followed Maryland to clarify that DFS and fantasy sports are paid legal skills contests. These countries include Kansas (2015), Indiana, Virginia, Missouri, Massachusetts, Colorado, Tennessee, New York, Mississippi (2016), Arkansas, New Jersey, Vermont, New Hampshire, Ohio, Maine, Vermont, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Connecticut (2017)..
In September 2015, New Jersey Congressman Frank Pallone, who has championed legal sports betting in his country, asked for a hearing from the House of Commerce and Commerce Committee to examine the relationship between a professional sports league and a fantasy sports company. The hearing was held in May 2015 and resulted in no proposed legislation, changes or rules of fantasy sports.
There are other legal cases involving fantasy sports and the use of professional athlete statistics for assessment purposes.
STATS, Inc. vs. NBA
In 1996, STATS, Inc., a major statistics provider for the fantasy sports company, won a court case, along with Motorola, on an appeal against the NBA where the NBA sought to stop STATS from distributing in game score information via a special wireless device made by Motorola. Victory plays a major role in defending other cases where sports leagues have tried to suppress in-game information directly from their events distributed by other outlets. The win also accelerated the market for real-time statistics driven largely by the growth of the fantasy sports industry.
CDM vs. MLBAM
The development of fantasy sports produces tension between fantasy sports companies and professional leagues and player associations over the rights to player profiles and statistics. Association of players from major sports leagues believes that fantasy games using player names are subject to licensing because of the publicity rights of the players involved. Since the player's name is used as a group, the players have given their publicity rights to the players association who then signed the license agreement. During the 1980s and 1990s many companies signed licensing agreements with player associations, but some companies did not. This issue appears in the head with the Major League Baseball Advanced Media (MLBAM) lawsuit, MLB Internet company, vs. CBC Distribution and Marketing Inc. which is based in St. Louis, parent company of CDM Sports. When CBC was denied a new licensing agreement with MLBAM (they had obtained rights from the baseball player association) for a fantasy baseball game, the CBC filed a lawsuit.
The CBC believes that intellectual property laws and so-called "publicity rights" laws do not apply to statistics used in fantasy sports. FSTA proposed amicus curiae to support the CBC, also argued that if MLBAM won the lawsuit it would have a dramatic impact on the industry, largely ignored by major sports leagues over the years while a number of small entrepreneurs raised it into a multibillion-dollar industry, and regulations could allows MLBAM to have a monopoly over the industry.
"This will be a defining moment in the fantasy sports industry," said Charlie Wiegert, executive vice president of CBC. "The other leagues are all watching this case, and if the MLB wins it's only a matter of time before they follow up, their players are just waiting for a chance."
CBC wins the lawsuit because US District Court Judge Mary Ann Medler decides that statistics are part of the public domain and can be used without charge by fantasy companies. "The names and playings of major league baseball players like those used in the CBC fantasy game are not copyrighted," Medler wrote. "Therefore, federal copyright law does not precede the publicity rights that players claim."
The Circuit Court of Appeal 8 upheld the decision in October 2007. "It would be a strange law that someone would not have the First Amendment right to use the information available to everyone," the three-judge panel said in its verdict.
The US Supreme Court upheld the decision of the 8th Circuit Court by refusing to hear the case in June 2008.
Popular fantasy sports
- Daily Fantasy Sports
- Fantasy car race
- Fantasy baseball
- Fantasy basketball
- Fantasy Congress - online simulation exercise using congressional activity results by Senate and US House
- Fantasy cricket
- F1 Fantasy
- Fantasy football (America)
- Fantasy football (Australian rules football)
- Fantasy football (Association)
- Golf fantasy
- Hockey Fantasy
- Fantasy sports stock simulation
- Fantasy professional wrestling
See also
- Sports game management video
References
External links
- Fantasy Sports on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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