Shoe

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Shoes is a footwear item intended to protect and entertain the feet of a human when the wearer performs various activities. Shoes are also used as decoration and fashion items. The shoe design varies considerably over time and from culture to culture, with its initial appearance tied to functionality. In addition, fashion often dictates many design elements, such as whether the shoe has a very high heel or a flat one. Contemporary footwear in 2010 is very diverse in terms of style, complexity, and cost. The base slippers can consist of just a single thin and simple rope and are sold at low cost. High fashion shoes made by renowned designers can be made from expensive materials, using elaborate construction and sold for hundreds or even thousands of dollars a pair. Some shoes are designed for specific purposes, such as shoes designed specifically for mountain climbing or skiing.

Traditionally, shoes have been made of leather, wood or canvas, but in 2010, they were increasingly made of rubber, plastic, and other petrochemical materials. Although the human foot adapts to varying terrain and climate conditions, it is still vulnerable to environmental hazards such as sharp stones and extreme temperatures, which protect the shoes. Some shoes are worn as safety equipment, such as steel-soled boots required at construction sites.

Video Shoe

Histori

Antiquity

The earliest known shoe is a tree bark sandal dating from about 7000 or 8000 BC, found at the Caves of Fort Rock in the US state of Oregon in 1938. The world's oldest leather shoe, made of a piece of cowhide coated with a leather strap in front and rear, was found in the Areni-1 cave complex in Armenia in 2008 and is believed to date to 3500 BC. Iceman's shoe, dated 3300 BC, features a brown bear leather base, deer bark sideburns, and rope-strap nets, pulled tight around the legs. Jotunheimen shoes were discovered in August 2006. Archaeologists estimate that leather shoes were made between 1800 and 1100 BC, making it the oldest article of clothing found in Scandinavia.

It is estimated that the shoe may have been used long before this, but because the materials used are very easily damaged, it is difficult to find the earliest footwear proof. By studying the smaller toe bones (as opposed to the big toe), it was observed that their thickness decreased about 40,000 to 26,000 years ago. This led archaeologists to conclude that wearing shoes resulted in fewer bone growth, resulting in shorter and thinner toes. This earliest design is very simple in design, often just a "footbag" of leather to protect the feet from rocks, debris, and cold. They are more commonly found in cold climates.

Many early indigenous peoples in North America use similar types of footwear, known as sandal shoes. These are tight, soft soled shoes that are usually made of leather or bison leather. Many mokasin are also decorated with various beads and other jewelry. Moccasins are not designed to be waterproof, and in warm wet and summer weather, most Native Americans are barefoot.

As civilization began to develop, thong sandals (precursors of the modern flip-flop) were worn. This practice originated from their photographs in an ancient Egyptian mural of 4000 BC. One pair found in Europe is made of papyrus leaves and is about 1,500 years old. They were also used in Jerusalem during the first century of the General Era. Thong sandals are worn by many civilizations and are made of various materials. Ancient Egyptian slippers made of papyrus and palm leaves. African Masai keeps them out of raw skin. In India they are made of wood. In China and Japan, straw is used. The leaves of the sisal plant are used to make yarns for sandals in South America while native Mexicans use Yucca plants.

While thong sandals are usually worn, many people in ancient times, such as Egypt, Hinduism and Greece, saw little need for footwear, and most of the time, preferred to bare feet. Egyptians and Hindus make some use of decorative footwear, such as an anonymous sandal known as "Cleopatra", which does not provide practical protection for the feet. The ancient Greeks generally regarded footwear as pampering, unesthetic, and unnecessary. Shoes are mainly used in the theater, as a means of improving stature, and many prefer to go barefoot. Athletes in the Ancient Olympics participate barefoot - and naked. Even the gods and heroes are primarily depicted barefoot, hoplite fighters fighting bare feet and Alexander the Great conquering his vast empire with barefoot soldiers. Ancient Greek runners were also believed to have walked barefoot. Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, ran from Athens to Sparta in less than 36 hours. After the Battle of Marathon, he immediately ran from the battlefield to Athens to tell the Athenians about the news.

The Romans, who eventually conquered the Greeks and adopted many aspects of their culture, did not adopt Greek perceptions of footwear and clothing. Roman clothing is seen as a sign of power, and footwear is seen as a necessity to live in a civilized world, though slaves and poor people are usually barefoot. Roman soldiers were issued with chiral shoes (left and right of different shoes). There are references to shoes used in the Bible.

The Middle Ages and Early Modern Period

Casual shoes in the Pyrenees during the Middle Ages were espadrille. These are sandals with hemp insoles braided and the top of the fabric, and often include a cloth strap that binds ankle. The term is French and comes from esparto grass. These shoes originated in the Catalonian region of Spain in the early 13th century, and were generally used by farmers in agricultural communities in the area.

Many medieval shoes are made using the turnshoe method of construction, where the top is the side of the flesh that turns out, and persists into the sole and joins the edges by the stitches. The shoes were then turned so that the grains on the outside. Some shoes are developed with a flap or rope to tighten the skin around the foot to be more fitting. Medieval medieval Turnshoes often match the feet, with the right and left shoe into mirror shadows. Around 1500, the turnshoe method is largely replaced by the welted rand method (where the top is sewn into a more rigid sole and the shoes can not be rotated in and out). The turnshoe method is still used for some dancing shoes and special shoes.

In the 15th century, pattens became popular both by men and women in Europe. This is usually seen as the forerunner of modern high heels, while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well as slaves in the New World, are barefoot. In the 15th century, Crakow became fashionable in Europe. This shoe style is named because it is thought to have originated from KrakÃÆ'³w, the Polish capital. This style is characterized by a shoe dot, known as "polaine", which is often supported by a whalebone strapped to the knee to prevent entry points while walking. Also during the 15th century, chopines were created in Turkey, and typically 7-8 inches (17.7-20.3 cm) high. These shoes became popular in Venice and throughout Europe, as a status symbol revealing wealth and social standing. During the 16th century, nobles began wearing high heels to make them look taller or bigger than life, such as Catherine de Medici or Mary I of England. In 1580, even men wore it, and someone with authority or wealth was often referred to as, "pockets well".

Finally modern shoes, with one sewn, made. Since the 17th century, most leather shoes have been using stitched soles. This remains the standard for better quality footwear today. Until about 1800, welted ritch shoes are generally made without differentiation for left or right legs. Shoes like that are now referred to as "straight". Only gradually modern foot shoes become standard.

Industrial era

Shoemaking became more commercialized in the mid-18th century, as it expanded as a home-based industry. Large warehouses began storing footwear, made by many small factories from the area.

Until the 19th century, shoe making was a traditional craft, but by the end of the century, the process was almost fully mechanized, with production occurring in large factories. Despite the obvious economic benefits of mass production, the factory system produces shoes without individual differentiation that can be provided by traditional shoemakers.

The first step toward mechanization was taken during the Napoleonic Wars by engineer, Marc Brunel. He developed machines for the mass production of boots for British Army soldiers. In 1812 he devised a scheme to make a nail-making machine that automatically fastens the soles to the top with a pin or metallic spikes. With the support of the Duke of York, the shoes were produced, and, because of their strength, cheapness, and durability, were introduced for the use of soldiers. In the same year, the use of screws and staples was patented by Richard Woodman. The Brunel system is described by Sir Richard Phillips as a visitor to his factory in Battersea as follows:

"In another building I was shown a shoe factory, which, like the others, was full of ingenuity, and, in terms of the division of labor, carried this cloth on a level with a factory that was often admired. Every step in it was influenced by a machine that the most elegant and precise, temporary, as every operation is done with one hand, so that every shoe passes twenty-five hands, which finish from the skin, as supplied by rodents, a hundred pairs of strong shoes and that is finished every day All details are done by intelligent applications of mechanical strength, and all parts are characterized by precision, uniformity, and accuracy.Because everyone is doing but one step in the process, which implies no knowledge of what is done by those who go before or follow it, so that the person employed not a shoemaker, but a wounded soldier who can learn their respective dal's work am a few hours. The contract in which these shoes are shipped to the Government is 6s.6d. per pair, at least 2 seconds. less than previously paid for unbalanced and rocky articles. "

However, when the war ended in 1815, manual labor became much cheaper, and demand for military equipment subsided. As a result, Brunel's system is no longer profitable and soon stops doing business.

A similar feature during the Crimean War stimulated a renewed interest in mechanization and mass production methods, which proved to be more durable. The shoe maker in Leicester, Tomas Crick, patented the design for a stunning machine in 1853. The machine used an iron plate to push the iron rivet into his palm. This process greatly improves the speed and efficiency of production. He also introduced the use of steam-powered rolling machines for hardening of the skin and cutting machines, in the mid-1850s.

Sewing machines were introduced in 1846, and provided an alternative method for shoe mechanization. In the late 1850s, industry began to shift toward modern factories, especially in the US and British territories. A shoe suture machine was created by American Lyman Blake in 1856 and refined in 1864. Entering a partnership with McKay, his device was known as a McKay stitching machine and was quickly adopted by manufacturers throughout New England. When congestion opens in the production line due to this innovation, more and more manufacturing stages, such as grouping and finishing, become automated. In the 1890s, the mechanization process was largely complete.

Since the mid-20th century, advances in rubber, plastics, synthetic fabrics, and industrial adhesives have enabled manufacturers to create shoes that deviate strongly from traditional craft techniques. The skin, which has been the main ingredient in previous styles, remains standard in expensive shoes, but athletic shoes often have little or no genuine leather. The soles, previously hand-stitched carefully, are now sewn more often or simply glued together. Many of these new materials, such as rubber and plastic, have made the shoes less biodegradable. It is estimated that most mass-produced shoes require 1000 years to be degraded in landfills. In the late 2000s, some shoemakers raised this issue and started producing shoes made entirely of degradable materials, such as Nike Considered.

In 2007, the global shoe industry had an overall market of $ 107.4 billion, in terms of revenue, and is expected to grow to $ 122.9 billion by the end of 2012. Shoe manufacturers in the People's Republic of China account for 63% of production, 40.5% global exports and 55% of industry revenues. However, many European manufacturers dominate the market with higher added value and higher added value.

Culture and folklore

As an integral part of human culture and civilization, shoes have found their way into our culture, folklore, and art. A popular eighteenth-century children's poem is There's an Old Woman Lives in Shoes . This story tells of an elderly woman who lives in shoes with many children. In 1948, Mahlon Haines, a shoe seller in Hallam, Pennsylvania, built a house that actually shaped like a work shoe as a form of advertising. Haines Shoes House was hired for newlyweds and parents until his death in 1962. Since then, this place serves as an ice cream, bed and breakfast place, and a museum. It still stands today and is a popular roadside attraction.

Shoes also play an important role in the fairy tales of Cinderella and The Red Shoes . In the film adaptation of the children's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a pair of ruby ​​ruby ​​sandals plays a key role in the plot. The 1985 comedy The Man with One Red Shoe features an eccentric man wearing one normal business shoe and one red shoe at the center of the plot.

Athletic shoe collections have also existed as part of urban subcultures in the United States for decades. The last few decades have seen this trend spread to European countries like the Czech Republic. Sneakerhead is a person who has several pairs of shoes as a collection and fashion. The shooter growth contributor is the worldwide popularity of the Air Jordan shoe line designed by Nike for Michael Jordan's Basketball star.

In the Old Testament of the Bible, shoes are used to symbolize something worthless or small. In the New Testament, the act of removing shoes symbolizes slavery. The ancient Semitic-speaking peoples considered the act of removing their shoes as a mark of respect when approaching people or holy places. In the Book of Exodus, Moses was commanded to remove his shoes before approaching the burning bush:

Release your shoes from your feet, for the place where you stand is a holy land (Exodus 3: 5).

Shoe removal also symbolizes the act of waiving legal rights. In the Hebrew custom, the widow takes off the shoes of her deceased brother's brother to symbolize that he has left his duty. In Arab custom, the disappearance of one's shoes also symbolizes the dissolution of marriage.

In Arab culture, showing one's sole is considered an insult, and throwing a shoe and hitting someone with it is considered a greater insult. Shoes are considered dirty because they often touch the ground, and are associated with the lower body part - the foot. Thus, shoes are forbidden in the mosque, and also considered indecent to cross legs and show one's soles to someone when talking to them. This humiliation was demonstrated in Iraq, first when the image of Saddam Hussein was overthrown in 2003, Iraqis gathered around him and hit the statue with their shoes. Secondly, in 2008, US President George W. Bush had shoes thrown at him by a journalist as a statement against the war brought to Iraq and life to be paid. More commonly, shoe-throwing or shoeing, showing the sole of a person's shoes or using shoes to insult is a form of protest in many parts of the world. The incidents where shoes were thrown at political figures have taken place in Australia, India, Ireland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Pakistan, UK, USA, and especially the Arab world.

Empty shoes can also symbolize death. In Greek culture, empty shoes are the same as American funeral bouquets. For example, empty shoes placed outside Greek homes will tell others that the family's son has died in battle. In an observation memorializing the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, 3,000 pairs of empty shoes were used to identify those killed. The Shoes on Danube Bank is a memorial in Budapest, Hungary. Presented by film director Can Togay, he created it on the eastern edge of the Danube River with sculptor Gyula Pauer in honor of the Jews who were killed by fascist Arrow Cross militia in Budapest during World War II. They were ordered to take off their shoes, and were shot at the edge of the water so that their bodies fell into the river and were swept away by the current. The memorial symbolizes their shoes left in the bank.

Maps Shoe

Construction

The basic anatomy of the shoe can be recognized, regardless of the specific footwear style.

All shoes have sole , which is the bottom of the shoe, which is in contact with the ground. Soles can be made from a variety of materials, although most modern shoes have soles made of natural rubber, polyurethane, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds. Soles can be simple - a single material in one layer - or they can be complex, with multiple structures or layers and materials. When various layers are used, the soles may consist of insole, midsole, and outsole.

insole is the inside of the shoe, which is located just below the foot under the footwear (also known as sock socks). The purpose of the insole is to attach to the lasting edge at the top, which is wrapped around the last one during the closing of the shoe during the operation. Soles are usually made of cellulose paper boards or non woven synthetic insole boards. Many shoes have removable and replaceable footwear. Additional pads are often added for comfort (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of shoes) or health reasons (to help deal with differences in the natural form of the foot or the position of the foot when standing or walking).

outsole is a layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes often have rubber leather outsoles or resins; casual or work-oriented shoes have soles made of natural rubber or synthetic materials such as polyurethane. The outsole may consist of one part, or it may be a collection of separate pieces, often of different materials. In some shoes, the sole has a rubber sole for durability and appeal, while the front is leather for style. Special shoes will often have modifications to this design: athletic shoes or so called soccer shoes such as football, rugby, baseball and golf shoes have nails grown in outsole to increase traction.

The midsole ' is the layer between the outsole and the insole, usually present for shock absorption. Some types of shoes, such as running shoes, have an additional material for shock absorption, usually under the heel of the foot, where the most pressing. Some shoes may not have a midsole at all.

heel is the back of the shoe. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They are often made from the same material as the sole of a shoe. This section can be high for fashion or to make people look taller, or flat for more practical and comfortable use. In some shoes, the inside front of the heel is carved, a feature known as the "gentleman angle". This design piece is intended to alleviate the problem of dots that capture the bottom of the pants and was first observed in the 1930s. The heel is a projection on the back of the shoe that lies beneath the heel bone. Shoe heel is used to improve shoe balance, increase wearer height, change posture or other decorative purposes. Sometimes lifted, high heels are common for shoes that are often worn by women, but sometimes by men too. See also stiletto heels.

upper helps hold shoes to feet. In the simplest case, such as sandals or flip-flops, this is probably no more than a few straps to hold the ins in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, sports shoes, and most men's shoes, will have a more intricate top. This section is often decorated or made with a certain style to look attractive. The top is connected to the sol with a leather, rubber, or plastic strip sewn between it and the palm, known as welt.

Most of the top has mechanisms, such as straps, ropes with buckles, zippers, elastic, velcro straps, buttons, or buttons, to tighten the upper part of the foot. The top with a rope usually has a tongue that helps close the lined openings and protects the foot from abrasion by the rope. The top with a rope also has a rope or hook to make it easier to tighten and loosen the rope and to prevent lace tearing through the top material. An aglet is a protective wrapper at the end of the lace.

vamp is the front of the shoe, starting at the back of the toes, extending around the rope and tongue and leading to the back of the shoe.

The medial is the part of the shoe closest to the center of one's symmetry, and the lateral is on the opposite side, away from the center of their symmetry. This could refer to outsoles or vampires. Most shoes have shoelaces at the top, connecting the medial and lateral parts after someone puts down their shoes and helps in keeping their shoes on their feet. In 1968, Puma SE introduced a pair of first sneakers with Velcro straps as a shoebox, and this became popular in the 1980s, especially among children and the elderly.

footbox is the part that covers and protects the toes. People with handicapped toes, or individuals who experience swelling of the toes (such as long-distance runners) usually require a larger toe box.

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Type

There are different types of shoes. Most types of shoes are designed for specific activities. For example, boots are usually designed for work or heavy outdoor use. Athletic shoes are designed for certain sports such as running, walking, or other sports. Some shoes are designed to be worn on more formal occasions, and others are designed for casual wear. There are also various kinds of shoes designed for different types of dance. Orthopedic Shoes are special shoe types designed for individuals with special foot problems or special needs. Other animals, such as dogs and horses, can also wear special shoes to protect their feet as well.

Depending on the activity designed, some types of footwear can fit into several categories. For example, Cowboy boots are considered boots, but can also be used in more formal occasions and used as shoes. The hiking boots incorporate many features of the protective boots, but also provide extra flexibility and comfort for many athletic shoes. Flip-flops are considered to be regular footwear, but have also been used in formal occasions, such as visits to the White House.

Athletic

Athletic shoes are specially designed to be worn to participate in various sports. Since the friction between the foot and the ground is an important force in most sports, modern athletic shoes are designed to maximize this style, and materials, such as rubber, are used. Although, for some activities such as dancing or bowling, gliding is desired, so shoes designed for this activity often have a lower coefficient of friction. The earliest athletic shoes dated back to the mid-19th century were track spikes - leather shoes with metal cleats on soles to provide increased friction when running. They are developed by J.W. Foster & amp; Children, later known as Reebok. At the end of the 19th century, Spalding also produced these shoes as well. Adidas began selling the shoes with a spike of tracks in them for running and soccer in 1925. The nails were finally added to the shoes for baseball and American soccer in the 20th century. Golfers also use shoes with small spikes on their soles to prevent slipping during their swings.

The earliest rubber-soled athletic shoes date back to 1876 in the United Kingdom, when New Liverpool Rubber Company made plimsolls, or sandshoes, designed for crocodile sport. Similar rubber-soled shoes were made in 1892 in the United States by Humphrey O'Sullivan, based on Charles Goodyear's technology. The US Rubber Company was established in the same year and manufactures rubber soled and heeled shoes under various brand names, which were subsequently consolidated in 1916 under the name Keds. These shoes are known as "sneakers", because rubber soles allow the user to sneak into others. In 1964, Nike's founding by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman of the University of Oregon introduced many new improvements common to modern running shoes, such as waffle rubber soles, nylon breathable tops, and pads in the middle and heels. During the 1970s, podiatris skills also became important in the design of athletic shoes, to apply new design features based on how the foot reacts to a particular action, such as running, jumping, or side-to-side movement. Athletic shoes for women are also designed for their specific physiological differences.

Special shoes for basketball are developed by Chuck Taylor, and are known as Chuck Taylor All-Stars. This shoe, first sold in 1917, was a double-layer canvas shoe with rubber soles and a foot cap, and high heels (known as "high top") for additional support. In 1969, Taylor was incorporated into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in recognition of this development, and in the 1970s, other shoe manufacturers, such as Nike, Adidas, Reebok, and others began to imitate this athletic shoe style. In April 1985, Nike introduced its own brand of basketball shoes that would become popular in its own right, Air Jordan, named after Chicago Bulls basketball player Michael Jordan. Air Jordan line of shoes sold for $ 100 million in their first year.

When barefoot running became popular in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many modern shoe manufacturers have recently designed footwear that mimics this experience, maintaining optimal flexibility and running naturally while also providing protection. Termed Minimalist shoes, the goal is to allow one's feet and feet to feel the finer impacts and strengths involved in running, allowing better adjustment in running styles. Some of these shoes include Vibram FiveFingers, Nike Free, and Saucony's Kinvara and Hattori. Mexican explorers are also very simple running shoes, similar to the shoes worn by the Tarahumara people in northern Mexico, known for their sprinting ability. The wrestling shoes are also very lightweight and the flexible shoes are designed to mimic bare feet while providing additional traction and protection.

Many athletic shoes are designed with special features for specific activities. One of them includes roller skates, which have metal or plastic wheels at the bottom specially for sports roller skating. Similarly, ice skates have a metal knife attached to the bottom to move across the ice. Skate shoes have also been designed to provide comfortable, flexible and durable shoes for skateboarding. Climbing shoes are rubber soled shoes, tight shoes designed to fit in small cracks and crevices for rock climbing. The cycling shoes are also designed similarly to rubber soles and tight, but also equipped with metal or plastic cleats to interface with clipless pedals, as well as rigid soles to maximize power transfer and leg support.

Boot

Boots are a special kind of shoe that covers the feet and ankles and extends down to the legs, sometimes down to the knees or even the hips. Most boots have heels that are clearly distinguishable from the rest of the soles, even if they are made of one part. They are usually made of leather or rubber, although they can be made of different materials. Boots are worn well for their function - protecting feet and feet from water, snow, mud or hazards or providing additional ankle support for strenuous activities - as well as for style and fashion reasons.

Cowboy boots are a special style of boots that combine function with fashion. They became popular with cowboys in the western United States during the 19th century. Traditional cowboy boots have Cuban heels, round to pointed ends, high axis, and, traditionally, no hitting. They are usually made of cowhide but can be made from more exotic skins such as ostrich, anaconda, or elephant skin.

Hiking boots are designed to provide additional support for ankles and arches, as well as extra pads for comfort during hiking. They are built to provide miles of comfort walking over rough terrain, and protect pedestrian legs against water, mud, rocks, and other wilderness obstacles. These boots support the ankles to avoid twisting but do not limit the movement of the ankle too much. They are stiff enough to support the legs. A properly fitted boot and/or friction-reducing patch applied to problem areas ensures protection against blisters and other discomfort associated with increasing lengths in severe terrain.

During wet or snowy weather, snowshoes are used to keep the feet warm and dry. They are usually made of rubber or other waterproof material, have several layers of insulation, and high heels to prevent snow out. The boots can also be mounted on snow boots to increase the distribution of weight above the larger surface area for walking in the snow. Ski boots are special snow boots used in alpine or cross country skiing and are designed to provide a way to connect the skier to his skis using ski bindings. The ski/boot/binding combination is used to effectively transmit control inputs from the foot of the skier to the snow. Ice Shoes is another special shoe with a metal knife attached to the bottom that is used to push the wearer across a sheet of ice. The inline shoe is similar to an ice skate but with a set of three-to-four wheels instead of a knife, designed to mimic ice skating on solid surfaces such as wood or concrete.

Boots are designed to withstand severe wear to protect the wearer and provide good traction. They are generally made of sturdy leather parts and non-leather outsole. They can be used for police or military uniforms, as well as for protection in industrial settings such as mining and construction. Protective features may include toes and toes or steel-toed tips.

Dress and casual

Dress shoes are characterized by smooth, flexible tops of skin, leather soles, and a sleek, slender figure. Casual shoes are marked with sturdy leather upper, non-leather outsole, and wide profile.

Some shoe designs may be worn by one of the sexes. The majority of the shoes have a top cover, generally made of leather, covering most of the lower legs, but not covering the ankles. The top of the shoe is often made without holes or openings, but may also be made with openings or even consisting of a series of straps, for example an open foot is displayed in women's shoes. Shoes with uppers made high to cover the ankle are also available; shoes with the top up above the ankle are usually considered as boots but a certain style can be referred to as high-waisted shoes or high tops. Usually, high-waisted shoes are secured with straps or zippers, although some styles have elastic inserts to ease the slip of the shoe.

Men

Male shoes can be categorized based on how they are closed:

• Oxfords (also referred to as "Balmorals"): the vamp has a V-shaped slot where the string is tied; also known as "closed lacing". The word "Oxford" is sometimes used by American clothing companies to market shoes that are not Balmorals, such as BlÃÆ'¼chers.
• Derby Shoes: the rope is tied to two leather pieces tied independently to the vampire; also known as "open ropes" and is a step back in style of dress. If the rope is not attached independently to the vampire, these shoes are known as blucher shoes. This name, in American English, is often used about derbys.
• Monk-straps: buckles and straps instead of lacing
• Slip-ons: No lacings or fastenings. Popular shoes are part of this category, as well as less popular styles, such as elastic sided shoes.

Men's shoes can also be decorated in various ways:

• Plain radius: has a sleek appearance and no additional decoration on the vampire.
• Cap-toes: has an extra layer of skin that "covers" the toes.
• Brogues (America: wingtips): Shoe ends covered with hollow panels, wingtips, which extend to both sides of the shoe. Brogues can be found in the balmoral and blucher styles, but are considered slightly less formal.

High-end formal men's shoes are produced by several companies around the world, especially in England, France, Italy, and America. British famous brands include: Church's English Shoes (est. 1873), John Lobb Bootmaker (est.1849), Edward Green Shoes (est. 1890), and Crockett & amp; Jones (est. 1879). Both John Lobb and Edward Green offer bespoke products. Among world wars, men's shoes received significant innovation and design, led by cobblers and cordwainers in London's West End. The most famous French product is made by J.M. Weston. Armani from Italy was a major influence on the design of men's shoes in the 1960s to the 1980s until they returned to a greater proportion of their ancestors, British-built Anglo-American shoe boots made in Edwardian England. Another famous Italian company is Salvatore Ferragamo Italia S.p.A.. The remaining American elite companies are Allen Edmonds and Alden Shoe Company. Alden, located in New England, specializes in cordovan shells originating from America's tall horse (Chicago) and is actually manufactured in America, while Allen Edmonds, from Wisconsin, is a large company outsourced some of its production.

Female Female

There are various kinds of shoes available for women, besides that most of the male style is more accepted as unisex. Some big categories are:

• High-heeled footwear is footwear that lifts the heel, usually 2 inches (5 cm) or more above the toes, which is worn by women for formal occasions or social occasions. Variants include cat heels (usually 1Ã,½-2 inches tall) and stiletto heels (with very narrow heel post) and heel wedge (with a wedge-shaped sole instead of heel).
• Mules are shoes or sandals that do not fit around the heel (ie they do not have a backless)
• Slingback is a shoe that is secured with a string behind the heel, not on the upper leg.
• The flat ballet, known in England as ballerinas, ballet pumps or skimmers, is a pair of shoes with very low heels and relatively short vampires, exposing most of the back. They are popular for warm weather clothing, and may look more comfortable than high-heeled shoes.
• A court shoe, known in the United States as a pump, is usually a high heel and a slip-on.

Unisex

• Clogging
• Platform shoes: shoes with thick soles and heels
• Sandals: open shoes consisting of single ropes and variety, leaving many legs exposed to the air. They are so popular for warm weather clothing, because they allow the feet to be colder than closed-ended shoes.
• Saddle Shoes: leather shoes with a contradictory saddle band on the back of the foot, usually the top of the white with a black "saddle".
• Footwear: casual dress or shoes without shoelaces or fasteners; often with tassels, buckles, or coin holders (penny loafers).
• Shoes boats, also known as "deck shoes": are similar to shoes, but are more casual. The rope is usually a simple leather with no frills. Usually made of leather and features soft white soles to avoid marring or scratching the boat deck. The first boat boots found in 1935 by Paul A. Sperry.
• Sandals: For indoor use, usually worn with pajamas.

Dance

Various kinds of footwear are used by dancers. The choice of a dance type depends on the dance style to be performed and, in many cases, the surface characteristics to be drawn.

• Pointe Shoes are designed for ballet dancing. It has a rigid toe box with glue and a hardened sol so dancers can stand on the tip of their toes. They are secured by elastic bands and ribbons tied to the dancers' ankles.
• Ballet shoes are soft and flexible shoes made of canvas or leather, either with one or two continuous parts (also called split-sole ), which is used for ballet dancing. The palm is usually made of leather, with a thicker material under the ball and heel of the foot, and is thinner and thus the material is more flexible under the arch so the foot can be easily pointed. They are usually secured by elastic at the top of the foot.
• Ghillies are soft shoes used in Irish dance, Scottish country dance, and highland dance.
• Jazz shoes usually have two rubber soles parts (also called split-sole ) to provide flexibility and appeal, and short heels. They are secured to the legs by ropes or elastic inserts.
• Tango and Flamenco shoes are used for tango or flamenco dancing.
• Ballroom shoes are divided into two categories: Ballroom and Latin America. Both are characterized by suede sol. Men's ballroom shoes are usually lace-up with one-inch heel and patent leather upper part. Women's ballroom shoes are usually court shoes with two-inch heels, made of stained fabrics to fit the dancer's dress. Unlike the low Ballroom heels, which evenly distribute the weight in the legs, Latin American shoes have higher heels designed to shift the weight to the toes. Latin shoes are also more flexible than ballroom shoes. Men's Latin shoes usually have a heel height of 1.5 to 2 inches, while Women's Latin shoes have heels of 2.5 inches to 3 inches. Women's shoes are usually open and tied.
• The dancing sneakers are lightweight sneakers with reinforced rubber fingers that allow the dancers to stand briefly over their toes. These are known by various trademark names, such as dansakers.
• Foot thongs are slip-on, partial leg cover that covers the ball from the dancer's foot so as to reduce friction during lap run, thus making it easier to take turns and also protect the feet from leather lashes. From a distance, the meat-colored legs give a dancer an appearance of having bare feet. They are known by various names depending on the manufacturer, including claws of dance, leg pants, and legs.
• Tap shoes have metal plates mounted to the bottom of your feet and heels. Metal plates, known as taps , make loud noises when hitting hard surface performance. Tap shoes, used in tap dancing, can be made from any shoe style that can be connected to the tap.
• Shoe characters are leather shoes with heels of one to three inches, usually with one or more straps on the back of the foot to secure them to the foot. They may be soft (suede) or hard-soled. They can be converted to tap shoes by tapping.

Orthopedics

Orthopedic shoes are specially designed shoes to alleviate the discomfort associated with many foot and ankle disorders, such as abrasions, beans, calluses and corn, foot hammers, plantar fasciitis, or heel spurs. They can also be used by individuals with diabetes or people with unequal leg lengths. These shoes usually have low heels, tend to be wide with a very wide foot box, and have strong heels to provide extra support. Some may also have a removable, or orthotic, insole to provide extra arch support.

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Size

Shoe size is an alphanumeric indication of the size of a shoe fitting for a person. Often it only consists of numbers that indicate length because many shoemakers only provide standard widths for economic reasons. There are several different shoe size systems that are used all over the world. These systems differ in what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Only a few systems also take into account the width of the foot. Some areas use different shoe size systems for different types of shoes (eg men's shoes, women, children, sports, or safety shoes).

Units for shoe size vary widely around the world. The size of Europe is measured in Paris Points , which is worth two-thirds of a centimeter. The British and American units are approximately a quarter of an inch, ranging from 8 ¼ inches. The size of men's and women's shoes often have different scales. Shoe size is often measured using the Brannock Device, which can determine the width and foot length.

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Accessories

• Tap foam - small foam placed under the foot ball to push the legs up and back if the shoes are too loose.
• Heel handles - used to prevent shoes slipping on heels if fitting is not perfect
• (Orthopedics) insert shoes - insert various materials for bearings, improve fit, or reduce abrasion. This includes padding and inner layers. Inserts can also be used to correct foot problems.
• Overshoes or galoshes - rubber covers placed over shoes for rain and snow protection.
• Shoe bags - bags that protect shoes from damage when not worn.
• Shoe brush and polishing cloth: used to polish into shoes.
• Shoe polish - waxy material scattered in shoes to improve appearance and luster, and provide protection.
• Shoe stretcher - a tool for making shoes longer or wider or to reduce discomfort in the shoe area.
• Shoe tree - placed in the shoe when the user is not wearing it, to help maintain the shape of the shoe.
• ShoehornÃ, - can be used to put the foot into a shoe by keeping the shoe open and providing a smooth surface for the foot to slip.
• Shoelaces - systems used to secure shoes.
• Snow shoes - a piece of wood or leather that increases the area of ​​land covered by shoes.

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See also

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References

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Bibliography

• Bergstein, Rachelle (2012). Women Of The Lower Ankle - The Shoe Story and The Way They Define Us (Hardback). New York: Harper Collins. page 284 pages. ISBN: 978-0-06-196961-4.
• History of Footwear in Norway, Sweden and Finland: prehistory up to 1950 , ISBNÃ, 91-7402-323-3
• Patrick Cox: Wit, Irony, and Footwear , Tamasin Doe (1998) ISBNÃ, 0-8230-1148-8
• The Century Shoes: The Style Icons of the 20th Century , Angela Pattison ISBNÃ, 0-7858-0835-3

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Further reading

• Design Museum Fifty Shoes that Changed the World . London: Conran Octopus, 2009 ISBNÃ, 978-1-84091-539-6

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External links

• All About Shoes - online exhibition of the Brick Museum on the history and variety of footwear
• Footwear History
• The International Shoe Size Conversion Chart, from the i18nguy website, offers more information.
• Shoe Care
• The Political History of Shoes

Source of the article : Wikipedia