In computing, printers are peripheral devices that make graphical or text representations on paper that are constantly human readable. The first designed computer printer was a device that was mechanically controlled by Charles Babbage for its difference engine in the 19th century; However, the mechanical printer design was not built until 2000. The first electronic printer was the EP-101, invented by the Japanese company Epson and released in 1968. The first commercial printers generally used the mechanisms of electric typewriters and Teletype machines. Demand for higher speeds led to the development of new systems specific to computer use. In the 1980s was a daisy wheel system similar to a typewriter, a line printer that produces similar output but at a much higher speed, and a dot matrix system that can mix text and graphics but produces relatively low-quality output. Plotters are used for those who need high quality line art such as blueprints.
The introduction of cheap laser printers in 1984 with the first HP LaserJet, and the addition of PostScript at Apple LaserWriter next year, sparked a revolution in printing known as desktop publishing. Laser printers use mixed text and PostScript images, such as dot-matrix printers, but at a quality level previously only available from commercial letter setting systems. In 1990, most of the simple printing tasks such as leaflets and brochures were now made on personal computers and then laser-printed; expensive offset printing systems are being removed as scrap. The HP Deskjet of 1988 offers the same advantages as laser printers in terms of flexibility, but produces lower quality output (depending on paper) from a much cheaper mechanism. The Inkjet system is rapidly moving the dot matrix and daisy wheel printers from the market. In the 2000s these high quality printers had fallen below the $ 100 price point and became commonplace.
Rapid Internet email updates through the 1990s and into the 2000s have greatly displaced the need to print as a means of transferring documents, and a variety of reliable storage systems mean that "physical reserves" are of little use today. Even the desire to print output for "offline reading" when in mass transit or plane has been moved by e-book readers and tablet computers. Currently, traditional printers are mostly used for special purposes, such as printing photos or artwork, and are no longer a must-have device.
Starting around 2010, 3D printing became a very interesting area, allowing the creation of physical objects with the same effort as the early laser printers needed to produce brochures. This device is in the early stages of development and has not become commonplace.
Video Printer (computing)
Jenis-jenis printer
The Personal Printer is primarily designed to support individual users, and may be connected to only one computer. This printer is designed for low volume print jobs, with short rotation, which requires minimal setup time to generate hard copies of the given documents. However, devices are generally slow from 6 to about 25 pages per minute (ppm), and the cost per page is relatively high. However, this is offset by the convenience on demand. Some printers can print documents stored on memory cards or from digital cameras and scanners.
Networked or shared printer "is designed for high-volume, high-speed printing." They are usually shared by many users on the network and can print at speeds of 45 to about 100 ppm. Xerox 9700 can reach 120 ppm.
Virtual Printer is a piece of computer software whose user interface and API resemble a printer driver, but are not connected to a physical computer printer. The virtual printer can be used to create files that are images of data to be printed, for archival purposes or as input to other programs, for example to create PDFs or to send to other systems or users.
3D Printers is a device for creating 3D objects from 3D models or other electronic data sources through auxiliary processes where consecutive material layers (including plastics, metals, food, cement, wood, and other materials) are established under the control of the computer. These are called printers by analogy with inkjet printers that produce two-dimensional documents with the same process to store ink layers on paper.
Maps Printer (computing)
Technology
The choice of printing technology has a major impact on printer costs and operating costs, speed, quality and sustainability of documents, and noise. Some printer technologies do not work with certain types of physical media, such as carbon or transparency paper.
The second aspect of printer technology that is often overlooked is resistance to change: liquid inks, such as from an inkjet head or cloth ribbon, are absorbed by paper fibers, so documents printed in liquid ink are more difficult to change than toner or solid ink-toned documents that do not penetrate beneath the surface of the paper.
Checks can be printed with liquid ink or on special check paper with toner anchors so that changes can be detected. The machine-readable bottom of a check should be printed using MICR toner or ink. Banks and other clearing houses use automation equipment that depends on the magnetic flux of these specially printed characters to function properly.
Modern print technology
The following printing technologies are routinely found in modern printers:
Toner-based printers
Laser printers quickly produce high quality text and images. Like digital copiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers use the xerographic printing process but are different from analog copiers because the images are produced by direct scanning of laser light in the photoreceptor of the printer.
Another toner-based printer is an LED printer that uses LED arrays instead of lasers to cause toner adhesion to the print drum.
Liquid inkjet printer
Inkjet printers operate by pushing varied ink droplets into almost all sized pages. They are the most common types of computer printers used by consumers.
Ink solid printer
A solid ink printer, also known as a phase-change printer, is a type of thermal transfer printer. They use CMYK colored solid ink sticks, similar to the wax consistency, which are melted and inserted into the crystal piezo print head. The printhead sprays the ink on a rotating, oil-coated drum. The paper then passes through the drum, when the image is immediately transferred, or glued to the page. Solid ink printers are most commonly used as office color printers, and are excellent in printing on transparencies and other non-porous media. Ink solid printers can produce excellent results. The cost of acquisition and operation is similar to that of laser printers. Technological flaws include high energy consumption and long heating time from cold. Also, some users complain that the print is difficult to write, because candles tend to reject ink from the pen, and it is difficult to feed through the automatic document feeder, but these properties have significantly reduced in the next model. In addition, this type of printer is only available from one manufacturer, Xerox, manufactured as part of the Xerox Phaser office printer line. Previously, solid ink printers were produced by Tektronix, but Tek sold its printing business to Xerox in 2001.
Printer sublimation dye
Sublimation dye printers (or dye-sub-printers) are printers that use a heat-based printing process to transfer dyes to media such as plastic cards, paper or canvas. The process is usually to put one color at a time using a ribbon that has a color panel. Dye-sub printers are intended primarily for high-quality color applications, including color photography; and less suitable for text. Despite the province's high-end printing stores, dye-sublimation printers are now increasingly being used as specialized consumer photo printers.
Thermal printer
Thermal printers work by selectively heat-sensitive heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash register machines, ATMs, gasoline dispensers and some of the older inexpensive fax machines. Color can be achieved with special paper and different temperature and heating levels for different colors; this colored sheets are not needed in black and white output. One example is Zink (portmanteau "zero ink").
Outdated and special-purpose printing technology
The following technologies are outdated, or limited to specialized applications even though most are, at one time, widely used.
Printer impact
Printer impact relies on forcible impacts to transfer ink to media. Impact printers use a printhead that touches the ink ribbon surface, presses the ink ribbon on the paper (similar to the typewriter's action), or, more rarely, touches the back of the paper, presses the paper against the ink ribbon (eg IBM 1403). All but dot matrix printers rely on the use of fully formed characters , the letters representing each character that printers can print. Additionally, most of these printers are limited to monochrome, or sometimes two colors, printing in one typeface at a time, although bold and underlined text can be done with "overstriking", that is, printing two or more impressions both in the same or slightly offset character positions. Impact printer varieties include printer-derived printers, teletypes printers, daisywheel printers, dot matrix printers and line printers. Dot matrix printers remain commonly used in businesses where multi-part shapes are printed. Impact printing overview contains a detailed description of the many technologies used.
Printer derived from typewriter
Some different computer printers are just computer versions that are controlled from an existing electric typewriter. The Friden Flexowriter and IBM Selectric-based printers are the most common examples. Flexowriters are printed with conventional typebar mechanisms while Selectric uses the famous "golf ball" printing mechanism of IBM. In both cases, the form of the letter then strikes the tape pressed on the paper, printing one character at a time. The maximum speed of the Selectric printer (which is faster than both) is 15.5 characters per second.
Printers from Teletypewriter
Common teleprinters can be easily connected to computers and become very popular except for computers manufactured by IBM. Some models use "typebox" positioned, in the X and Y axes, with the mechanism and shape of the selected letter being hit by a hammer. Others use this type of cylinder in the same way as Selectric typewriters use their ball type. In both cases, the letter form then strikes the ribbon to print the shape of the letter. Most teleprinters operate at ten characters per second even though some reach 15 CPS.
Daisy wheel printers
Daisy wheel printers operate in a similar way to a typewriter. A hammer hit a wheel with a petal, a "daisy wheel", each petal containing a letter form at the end. The letters touch the ink ribbon, store the ink on the page and thus print the character. By rotating the daisy wheel, different characters are selected for printing. These printers are also referred to as letter-quality printers because they can produce clear, crisp text like a typewriter. The fastest quality letter printer prints at 30 characters per second.
The dot-matrix printer
The term dot matrix printer is used for impact printers that use a small pin matrix to transfer ink to the page. The advantage of dot matrix over other impact printers is that they can produce graphic images in addition to text; but the text is generally of poorer quality than impact printers that use letter forms ( types ).
Dot-matrix printers can be divided into two main classes:
- Ballistic wire printers
- Printer energy saved
The dot matrix printer can be character-based or line-based (that is, one horizontal series of pixels across the page), referring to the printhead configuration.
In the 1970s & amp; 80s, dot matrix printers are one of the more commonly used types of printers for general use, such as for home and office use. Such printers usually have 9 or 24 pins on the print head (an initial 7 pin printer also exists, which does not print descenders). There was a period during the early home computer era when various printers were manufactured under many brands such as the Commodore VIC-1525 using the Seikosha Uni-Hammer system. It uses a single solenoid with a tilt striker that will be driven 7 times for each column of 7 vertical pixels while the head moves at a constant speed. The striker's angle will align the dots vertically even though the head has moved a point of distance in that time. The vertical dot position is controlled by a synchronized longitudinal striped slab on the back of a fast-paced paper with a vertical moving rib in a seven-point distance in the time it takes to print a single pixel column. The 24-pin print head is capable of printing with higher quality and starts offering additional style styles and is marketed as Near Letter Quality by multiple vendors. Once the price of inkjet printers drops to the point where they are competitive with dot matrix printers, dot matrix printers are starting to be disliked for general use.
Some dot matrix printers, such as the NEC P6300, can be upgraded for color printing. This is achieved through the use of a four-color ribbon fitted to the mechanism (provided in an upgrade kit that replaces the standard black ribbon mechanism after installation) that raise and lower the tape as needed. Color graphics are generally printed in four rounds at standard resolution, thus greatly slowing down printing. As a result, color graphics can take up to four times longer to print than standard monochrome graphics, or up to 8-16 times longer in high resolution mode.
Dot matrix printers are still commonly used in low-cost, low-quality applications such as cash registers, or in demanding demands, extremely high volume applications such as invoice printing. Impact printing, unlike laser printing, allows printhead pressure to apply to stacks of two or more forms to print multi-part documents such as sales invoices and credit card receipts using continuous stationery with carbonless copier paper. The dot-matrix printers were replaced even as reception printers after the end of the twentieth century.
Printer line
Line printers print entire lines of text at once. Four major designs exist.
- Drummer , in which a horizontally-mounted drum brings the entire set of printer characters repeated in every printable character position. The IBM 1132 printer is an example of a drum printer. Drum printers are also found in the addition of numerical machines and other printers (POSs), the dimensions are concise because only a dozen characters need to be supported.
- Chain or train printer , in which the character set is set several times around a linked chain or a set of character slugs on a track that runs horizontally across the printed line. IBM 1403 is probably the most popular, and comes in chain and train varieties. The band printer is a newer variant in which the character is embossed on a flexible steel band. LP27 from Digital Equipment Corporation is a band printer.
- Printer bar , where the character set is attached to a solid rod that moves horizontally along the print line, such as IBM 1443.
- The fourth design, used primarily in very early printers such as IBM 402, has an independent type bar, one for every printable position. Each bar contains the character set to be printed. The bar moves vertically to position the character to be printed in front of the print hammer.
In each case, to print a line, timely hammers strike the back of the paper at the right moment when the correct character for printing passes in front of the paper. The paper presses forward against the tape which then presses against the shape of the character and the impression of the character shape is printed onto the paper. Each system can have few timing issues, which can cause a small misalignment of the resulting printed character. For drums or typebar printers, this appears as a vertical misalignment, with characters printed just above or below the rest of the line. In chain or bar printers, misalignment is horizontal, with characters printed closer or separate. This is much less visible in human vision than vertical misalignment, where characters appear up and down on the line, so they are perceived as higher quality prints.
- The comb printer , also called matrix line printer , represents the fifth main design. This printer is a combination of dot matrix printing and line printing. In this printer, the hammer comb prints part of a row of pixels at a time, like every eight pixels. By sliding the sides slightly backward and forward, the entire pixel row can be printed, continuing the example, in just eight cycles. The paper then forwards and the next pixel line is printed. Because much less movement is involved than conventional dot matrix printers, this printer is very fast compared to dot matrix printers and is competitive in speed with character line printers that are formed while also being able to print dot matrix graphics. The Printronix P7000 series of matrix line printers are still manufactured in 2013.
Printer lines are the fastest of all impact printers and are used for bulk printing in major computer centers. A line printer can print at 1,100 lines per minute or faster, often printing pages faster than many current laser printers. On the other hand, the line mechanical printer components operate with strict tolerance and require regular preventive maintenance (PM) to produce the best quality prints. They are almost never used with personal computers and have now been replaced by high-speed laser printers. Inheritance of the line printer lives on many computer operating systems, which use the abbreviations "lp", "lpr", or "LPT" to refer to the printer.
Liquid ink electrostatic printer
The liquid electrostatic printer uses a coated paper of chemicals, which is filled by the print head in accordance with the document image. Paper is passed near the liquid ink pool with opposite charge. The paper-filled area draws ink and thus shapes the image. This process is developed from the process of electrostatic copying. The color reproduction is very accurate, and since there is no scale distortion heating less than Ã, Â ± 0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of Ã, Â ± 1%.)
Around the world, most survey offices use this printer before the inkjet color plot becomes popular. The ink electrostatic printer ink is mostly available in 36-54 inches (910-1,370 mm) wide and also 6 color printing. It's also used for printing large billboards. It was first introduced by Versatec, which was later purchased by Xerox. 3M is also used to make this printer.
Plotter
Pen-based pen is an alternative printing technology commonly used in engineering and architectural firms. Pen-based plots depend on contact with paper (but not impact, per se) and special purpose pens that are mechanically run on paper to create text and images. Because the pens out a continuous line, they are able to produce technical images with a higher resolution than can be achieved with dot-matrix technology. Some plotters use paper rolls, and therefore have minimal restrictions on output size in one dimension. This plot is capable of producing a large enough image.
Other printers
A number of other types of printers are important for historical reasons, or for special-purpose use:
- Digital minilab (photo paper)
- Electrolytic printers
- Spark printer
- Some barcode printer technologies, including: thermal printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing barcodes
- Billboard/mark printer spray paint
- Laser etching (packaging products) industrial printers
- Microsphere (special paper)
Attributes
Printer control language
Most printers other than line printers receive control characters or unique character sequences to control various printer functions. This can range from switching from lowercase to uppercase or from black to red ribbons on typewriter printers to switch fonts and changing the size and color of characters on raster printers. Initial printer controls are not standardized, with each manufacturer's equipment has its own set. IBM Personal Printer Data Stream (PPDS) into a set of commonly used commands for dot-matrix printers.
Currently, most printers accept one or more page description languages ​​(PDLs). Laser printers with greater processing power often offer support for Hewlett-Packard's Printer Command Language (PCL), PostScript, or XML Paper Specifications. Most inkjet devices support proprietary PDL manufacturers such as ESC/P. Diversity in mobile platforms has led to various standardization efforts around PDL devices such as RWG PWG Printer (PWG).
Print speed
Initial printer speed is measured in characters per minute (cpm) for the character printer, or line per minute (lpm) for the line printer. Modern printers are measured in pages per minute (ppm). These steps are used primarily as marketing tools, and are not standardized like toner results. Usually pages per minute refer to monochrome office documents that are rare, rather than solid images that are usually printed more slowly, especially color images. Speed ​​in ppm usually applies to A4 paper in Europe and letter paper, about 6% shorter, in the United States.
Printing mode
The data received by the printer may be:
- A series of characters
- Bitmap images
- Vector images
- Computer programs written in the language of the page description, such as PCL or PostScript
Some printers can process all four types of data, others do not.
- The character printer, like a daisy wheel printer, can handle only plain text data or rather simple plot dots.
- Pen plotters usually process vector images. Inkjet-based planners can adequately reproduce all four.
- Modern printing technologies, such as laser printers and inkjet printers, can adequately reproduce all four. This is especially true for printers equipped with support for PCL or PostScript, which includes most of the printers manufactured today.
Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text) by sending a ready bitmap image to the printer. This allows better control over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many printer drivers do not use text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of doing so.
Monochrome printers, colors and photos
Monochrome printers can only produce images consisting of one color, usually black. Monochrome printers can also produce various tones of that color, such as gray scale. Color printers can produce images with many colors. Photo printers are color printers that can produce images that resemble the color range (gamut) and print resolution created from photographic film. Many can be used independently without a computer, using a memory card or USB connector.
Page results
Page result is the number of printable pages from toner cartridges or ink cartridges - before the cartridges need to be refilled or replaced. The actual number of pages generated by a particular cartridge depends on a number of factors.
For fair comparison, many laser printer manufacturers use the ISO/IEC 19752 process to measure the yield of toner cartridges.
Cost per page
To simply compare the operating costs of printers with relatively small ink cartridges for printers with larger and more expensive toner cartridges that usually store more toner and print more pages before the cartridges need to be replaced, many people prefer to estimate operational costs in terms of cost per page (CPP).
Business model
Often business models of "blades and blades" are applied. That is, companies can sell printers for a fee, and earn profits on ink cartridges, paper, or other replacement parts. This leads to legal disputes regarding the rights of a company other than the printer manufacturer to sell compatible ink cartridges. To protect their business model, some manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting it.
Other manufacturers, in reaction to the challenges of using this business model, opted to make more money for printers and reduce ink, promoting the latter through their advertising campaigns. Finally, this produces two distinctly different proposals: "cheap printers - expensive ink" or "expensive printers - cheap ink". Ultimately, consumer decisions depend on the reference interest rate or their time preference. From an economic point of view, there is a clear trade-off between cost per copy and printer costs.
Steganography printer
Steganography printers are a type of steganography - "hide data in data" - produced by color printers, including Brother, Canon, Dell, Epson, HP, IBM, Konica Minolta, Kyocera, Lanier, Lexmark, Ricoh, Toshiba and Xerox printer, where small yellow dots are added to each page. The dots are barely visible and contain the encoded serial number of the printer, as well as the date and time stamp.
Wireless printer
More than half of all printers sold in US retailers in 2010 have wireless capabilities, but nearly three-quarters of consumers with access to those printers do not take advantage of improved access to print from multiple devices according to the new Wireless Learning Printing.
See also
References
External links
- Media related to Printers on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments