Post polls are votes in elections in which ballot papers are distributed to voters or returned by post, in contrast to voter voters directly at polling stations or electronically through electronic voting systems. Historically, the postal vote should be distributed and placed in the mail back before the scheduled election day, sometimes referred to as the initial voting form. It can also be used as an absentee ballot. However, the recent model in the US has metamorphosed, in a city that uses exclusive voting, to be one of the ballots sent to voters, but the method of return takes alternate returns by mail or delivering ballot papers directly. through the safe drop box and/or "voting center."
Postal voting refers only to the means used to send the ballot, not to the method of how the sound is calculated. The election officer can count the votes by processing the ballot through an electronic polling machine, or can count the votes manually.
To allow as many voters as possible to participate, postal voting may assist people who may not be able to attend TPS personally, for example due to physical disability, absence from other places or reasons. Post polls are generally available to voters at the time of application, sometimes with restrictions. If there is no reason for the request to be required, it can be called request by mail on request . Postal voting may be an option for voters in some jurisdictions, while in some elections there may be all-voting posts .
A postal voting form was introduced in Western Australia in 1877, followed by an improved method in South Australia in 1890. On the other hand, concerns about postal voting have been proposed, whether it conforms to the terms of a secret ballot, people cast their votes outside the security of polling stations, and whether voters may vote personally free from the coercion of others. There have been several cases of election fraud with a postal vote in the United Kingdom (including in Birmingham at the 2004 European and local government elections in the UK).
Video Postal voting
History by country
United Kingdom
Voting in the initial election is made through public performances or through public voting. The right to vote by secret ballot was introduced by the Parliamentary and Urban Elections Act 1872 ( Election Act 1872 ). After this vote takes place at the polls where voters mark their voices in secret and put their ballots in a closed box.
Absent voting was first introduced for the immediate post-war period in 1918 for soldiers and others were prevented by the nature of their occupation... from voting in polls by Representations of People Act 1918 . The armed forces still serving overseas at the end of World War I were allowed to vote by post, and a permanent arrangement was made for the selection of proxies by warriors. The Representation of the People Act 1945 re-establishes provisional provisions for voting by the electorate of the service. Postal voting was not extended to civilians until 1948 when the Representation of People's Act 1948 was granted a postal voting facility for both service personnel and for certain groups of civilians including those who were physically paralyzed, they could not choose without traveling by sea or air or because of the nature of their work, and those who no longer live at their qualification address. All must provide an address in the UK where the ballot could be sent. Service personnel may, alternatively, vote through representation if they are likely to be at sea or abroad on polling day.
In 1983, in a review of its election law, the Election Committee on Internal Affairs criticized the category of absentee voters who were allowed to vote by post. The Committee made it clear that they would not want a voting facility that was not available to all those requested but recommended that "the Office of the Interior should review the existing criteria for eligibility for a non-existent voting facility, and in particular we recommend that it be permitted to postal voting due to the absence of "for work reasons", without the necessity to distinguish between one occupation or another. "The committee also called for voters to be absent on a holiday to have the right to file a postal vote. The Government responded to the Committee's report in January 1984 and expressed concern over the increasing opportunities for misuse of elections offered by a non-existent ballot (especially postal voting) and in particular by standing arrangements made for those allowed to vote absent for time unlimited. However, the Government's response is summarized as follows:
- First of all, regardless of the voters and voters who are domiciled abroad, the right to apply for a poll that is absent for an indefinite period should generally be limited to those who are unable or may not be able to vote directly on the spot voting. day (or to vote without assistance) through blindness or other physical incapacity. (Special arrangements for those who can not reach the polling point from their qualifying address without sea or air travel will continue to remain unchanged).
- Second, the right to file a ballot that does not exist in a particular Parliament, the European Parliament or local elections in Britain should be extended to all persons for whatever reason can not or may not vote on their own on the day of voting.. This will benefit holiday makers, people who are away from work and all other voters who, even if blocked from a direct vote on polling day may not apply under existing terms.
The People's Representation Act 1985 then makes provision for this extension to the right to file a nonexistent vote. The proposal does not apply to Northern Ireland where there have been widespread concerns, shared by the Government, on the extent and nature of electoral abuse, including misuse of postal votes. Further amendments were made to rules governing the voting that were not in the Representation of the 1989 Person Act .
In 1999, postal and proxy voting systems for those who could not vote at TPS were considered complicated and complicated. A Party Working in Procedure of Elections, chaired by George Howarth, the State Minister at the Head Office, published his report in October 1999. The employer recommends that
- Absent voting should be allowed on request
- Polling applications and voting procedures for election do not have to be simplified
The Representation of the People Act 2000 implements the Howarth report recommendation. The People's Representation Rules (England & Wales) 2001 introduced changes to voting arrangements that did not exist since February 16, 2001. The main change was to allow postal voting.
Maps Postal voting
Voting all posts
All-postal voting is a variant of postal voting, in which all voters receive their ballot papers by mail. Depending on the system being implemented, voters may have to return their ballots by post, or there may be a chance to send them by hand to the designated location.
There is some evidence that this method of voting leads to a higher turnout than a self-chosen person or must file a postal vote. Critics suggest that this is only a temporary impact, and that there is a danger to people who use ballot papers intended for other voters.
It has been tested by a large number of local authorities in the UK for their election, and in 2004 it was used for elections to the European Parliament and local authorities in four British territories (see below for more details).
Post-polling and all-country voting experience
French
France had a sound absent until the 1970s, when it was removed because they were classified as a security risk in terms of fraud.
German
Absent voting has been in Germany since 1957, to ensure participation opportunities for all Germans, especially the elderly, sick, and disabled, and residents living abroad. Today, voice by post is becoming increasingly popular, even among people living in the country. Thus, tools are being developed to support domestic German and foreign countries to easily apply for postal voting.
Italy
Since 2001 Italians living abroad have the right to vote by post in all referendums and national elections held in Italy (provided they have registered their residence abroad with relevant consulates).
Malaysia
In Malaysia, opposition leader and former deputy prime minister Anwar Ibrahim alleged that the postal vote had been used by the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition in securing seats in certain constituencies. He also said that in one electoral district (Setiawangsa), he claimed that the People's Justice Party actually won during the 2008 general elections, before 14,000 postal votes came as the recipient of the BN parliament seat which has a majority seat with 8,000 votes. In Malaysia, only teachers, military personnel, and police stay away from their constituents who are eligible to post voice.
Mexico
In Mexico, since the 2006 federal election, postal voting for people living abroad has been allowed. Requests can be submitted to the National Election Institute which then sends ballots abroad.
Philippines
Votes in ballots are an option for foreign Filipinos in certain countries only. The general practice of voting for local and overseas attendance in Philippine elections requires that ballots be thrown on their own at the chosen polls, such as consular offices.
Spanish
In Spain, for elections in Europe, regional and city, voters who will be absent from their city on election day or sick or disabled, may request postal voting at the post office. Applications must be submitted in person or through representation if any illness or disability is endorsed by a medical certificate.
Switzerland
Swiss federal law allows postal voting in all federal and referendum elections, and all cantons also allow for cantonal ballot issues. All voters receive their personal voicemail by mail and may throw it to the polls or resubmit.
United States
Vote-by-mail (also known as " Choosing at Home ") is a variation of postal voting in the United States where ballots are sent to the home of a registered voter, filling and returning them by postal mail, or further reducing the voting directly into the safe box or at the "voting center." This process eliminates the requirements for staff and runs a polling center during the election, and can result in substantial cost savings for the country. The voting material may be sent through the United States Postal Service without prepayment of postage.
The ballots are sent out, usually, three weeks before the election date, after the voter's pamphlet has been distributed. To vote by letter, an individual marks a ballot for their choice of candidate (or writes in their name), places the ballot in an envelope of confidentiality, seals it, places it on the envelope provided, seals it and signs it and the date of the back of the letter envelope. The envelope is then stamped and sent in any mailbox, or unloaded (free of charge) at the local voting center.
There is a cut off date for the ballot and it is determined by the local voting jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, postmarks are not counted, and ballots must be received at a certain time on election day. In other jurisdictions, the ballot must have a postmark on or before election day and be received before the certification date. Many voice-over-mail jurisdictions request volunteer assistance to pick up ballots in the course of "Drop off Booths" or "Quick Drop" locations. The American Voice-Assistance Act requires several voting options, often at the central election headquarters, with machines designed to vote by persons with disabilities who can not vote for normal voting. A wise tutorial, presented to Indiana Legislature in autumn 2017 by Denver Electoral Director Amber McReynolds, can be viewed on YouTube at qm7011Tnc1l.
In the 2016 presidential election, about 33 million ballot papers were issued by ballot (about 25% of all votes cast). It comes from a combination of 100% of the vote through the jurisdiction of the letter plus the absence elsewhere. In 2016, the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report outlining the voter turnout seen in the election by mail election. By 2018, reports from the US Senate Intelligence Committee from Russian interference in the 2016 election show that ballot papers, with the definition of part of all votes through mail selection, are inherently more secure than electronic voting systems.
In Texas, electoral fraud that has occurred over the years involves political operations carried out by candidates who illegally help those eligible to vote by mail, usually voters over the age of 65 years or voters with disabilities. The overall rate of voter fraud is estimated to be low, with one study finding 2,068 cases of alleged voter fraud in the US since 2000. In Oregon, where about 100 million ballot papers have been cast since the country went to 100% of the votes by mail in 2000, about 12 cases voter fraud has been prosecuted.
State with all voice selection by mail
In 1998, voters in Oregon passed an initiative requiring that all elections be conducted by mail. Voters can also drop their ballots on the county's official drop site. Oregon has since reduced the election costs, and the time available for vote counting has increased. Oregon requires voting at 8:00 pm on the election day. The district electoral office collects from the post office at the time of their closing on election day and from the drop box at 8:00 am Ã, pm election day. Any legitimate vote received at 8:00 pm on election day by any region is required to be counted, unless the cumulative vote of any valid ballot is transferred to the relevant local electoral office after closing polls can not change the election results for a particular seat.
In 2011, the Washington legislature passed a law requiring all countries to vote by election. The local government in Washington has the option of doing so since 1987, and statewide election has allowed it since 1993. In 2009, 38 of the 39 states (all except Pierce County) have made all elections by mail. Pierce County has joined other states in voting all letters by 2014. On the Washington system, ballots should be stamped by election day, so full results are postponed for several days.
In 2013, Colorado began rolling out all the elections by mail. A Pantheon Analytics study of their 2014 elections shows a significant increase in voter turnout from what is usually a "low tendency" voter. A PEW Charitable Trust study of the same election shows significant cost savings.
in 2014, Utah began allowing each district to make its own decisions as to whether to go to 100% of ballot papers sent by post. In the 2016 general election, 21 of their 29 districts did so. It is now increased to 27 of 29 districts by 2018, covering more than 98% of their voters. A Pantheon Analytics study of Utah 2016 election showed 5-7% points higher in countries using voice over mail than those with traditional polling stations, with a higher difference (~ 10% points) among young voters.
In 2016, California passed the SB 450 certifying 100% vote ballot in cross-state mail, with regional policy. Five districts will do so by 2018. For 2020, all districts will be authorized to do so, except for Los Angeles County, to be ratified by 2022.
Other jurisdictions are now beginning to experiment with voice by mail, or run a pilot program. 31 of 53 districts in North Dakota now vote in this way, as do more than 1,000 areas in Minnesota (those with fewer than 400 registered voters). In 2018, pilots in Anchorage, Alaska broke poll recorders and Garden County, Nebraska saw a much higher turnout than the state average. Pilots in Rockville, MD in 2019 and Kauai County, HI by 2020 are planned (HB 1401). In 2018, the Governor of Connecticut issued Executive Order 64, which directed the study of the possibility of moving to vote by mail. The report is due in September 2018. In May 2018, Vox posted an article that summarizes some of the latest trends in Vote at Home in the US. It's available here.
An organization was formed in 2017 to track and promote US steps to vote by mail. This is the National Vote at Home Institute (a 501c3) and the National Vote at Home Coalition (a 501c4). It will tend to have updated information about this subject. This can be found at www.voteathome.org.
Controversy
Project Vote publishes their findings in a 2007 article entitled "Vote-by-Mail Does not Deliver" by Michael Slater and Teresa James. The conclusion of the article states,
Thanks very much to the Oregon experience, many reformist-minded supporters and policy makers have become convinced that voice by mail stimulates an increasing number of voters with few weaknesses. We think the facts do not support their argument. VBM strengthens the stratification of voters; it is better for fraud and manipulation than vote at the polls; and that is too dependent on the reliability of the US Postal Service.
As an alternative, in Oregon (the original Vote-by-Mail country), the decade since Vote-by-Mail began has been extremely fraudulent and enthusiastic, with high voter turnout, almost no fraud, and strong support from voters who prefer take the time to read the Pamphlet Voters at home and make decisions, rather than waiting (whether minutes or hours) to choose directly. More than half of voters are now choosing to drop ballots, making their voting experience more than an event. The states of Colorado and Washington have followed suit, with California starting in 2018. Utah will reach 98% of the voters in this model by 2018.
Alternative
A growing number of states in the US now allow voting via drive-thru. In the process, voters leave their absentee's sound card in the drop box at a designated location. Some locations allow 24/7 drop-off polls. It turns out that more and more states are adopting the Colorado model, giving voters in many ways to reply to their ballots: via mail, through personal safety boxes, and in "voice centers" where they can get answers to questions, substitute ballots, etc. Oregon now has 300 drop boxes across the state in the weeks leading up to each election, and in fact more voters are now choosing to vote directly rather than by reply. The term "Vote at Home" starts replacing "Vote by mail" for that reason. California's voice mailing is incorporating polling centers as an important part of their efforts. The Anchorage pilot's success included many drop boxes and multiple voting centers.
United Kingdom
Since 2001, every voter has the right to request a postal vote (known as postal voting on demand ) without giving a reason, other than in Northern Ireland, where postal voting is only available if it does not make sense. expects voters to go to polling stations on voting day as a result of employment, disability or restriction of education. Prior to 2001, the postal vote had been available since 1948 only for those who could not attend the TPS due to poor health reasons, work or vacation planned away from home and for some voters living on small islands where they had to cross the water for reach their polls. Prior to 1985, holidays were not a sufficient reason, and job criteria allowed only a few professions.
Procedures
Registered voters who want to vote by post must submit an additional application form to the Electoral Registration Officer at their local authority (or to the Electoral Office for Northern Ireland if in Northern Ireland) stating whether they want their ballots sent for one election, all elections until a certain date or indefinitely. They must also submit their birthdays, and specimen signatures on the form (or apply for signature waiver due to disability or inability to read or write). In addition, if a person eligible to vote in the United Kingdom is elected by another voter to be his representative, the proxy may apply to vote by post. To receive a postal vote for the election, the postal voting application must have been received by the Registration Officer before 5 pm. eleven working days before polling day.
Return officer issued and sent voice mail packets at 5 pm. on the eleventh working day before the fastest ballot day. Postal ballot issues are not open to examination of candidates and their agents; by law, only returning officers, their staff, representatives of the Electoral Commission and observers accredited by the Electoral Commission are permitted to attend. Some officers are re-producing voice mail packages at home, while others outsource the process to external companies.
Each postal ballot package contains a voice cover envelope, two envelopes ("A" and "B") and postal voting statements. Postal ballots are printed on paper in different colors than ballots issued at the polls. Postal mail contains the following design, security features and identification on the back:
- official flag (eg watermark or official seal)
- unique identifier (such as a different barcode for each sound paper)
- unique identification number
When issuing any postal ballot papers, the officer marks on the list (called the appropriate number list ) next to the unique identification number of the voter voter turnout voter to whom the postal ballot is sent, and then makes a mark next to the name selector in a separate postal voter list. The unique identification number of ballot paper is also marked on the postal ballot statements sent in the postal ballot package. The name and address of the local authority and the name of the constituent/environment are printed on both "A" and "B" envelopes. After all ballot papers for the election have been issued by returned officers, a list of matching numbers is sealed in a package that can only be opened by court order when the election results are challenged.
After receiving the ballot package, the voter completes the ballot according to the instructions and seals it in the envelope marked "A". A separate ballot statement must be filled by the voter with his or her date of birth and signature (unless the signature release has been given or if the voter is an anonymous voter). It is strongly recommended that the voting statements and envelopes "A" (containing ballot papers) be placed and sealed in larger envelopes "B" when returned, although this is not a requirement. Votes may be posted back to officers returning at the address of local authorities (prepaid stamps when returned from within the United Kingdom), or returned directly to officers returning at the local authority office, or directly submitted to the polls. on the day of voting (but only one located within the constituency/ward marked on the envelope "A"/"B"). For votes to be counted, it must reach the return officer/polling place prior to the closing of the poll (usually at 10 on polling day).
After receiving a package of ballot papers in the post (or voice mail and postal voting statements if sent separately), the officers who re-place them in the voting mailbox voter posts are allocated to certain constituencies/deter. If a chairman receives a ballot papers at a polling station, it is sealed in a packet which is then sent to the officer returning at the close of the ballot along with a form noting the number of postal ballot papers received by the chairman.
Candidates and their agents, representatives of the Electoral Commission and observers accredited by the Electoral Commission and entitled to observe the opening of ballot papers - returning officers must provide candidates and their agents at least 48 hours' written notice of the time and location of each opening session of the postal ballot papers. After clearing the mailbox voter box , postal and postal voting statements marked "A"/loose ballots are split into two distinct groups. The returned officer is required to verify the date of birth and signature filled at least 20% of the postal voting statements of each postal voting ballot box with the details given on the original voting request form. If the details do not match, then the postal ballot statement is rejected. The returned officer makes a mark next to the name of the voter on the postal voters list for each postal ballot statement received, even if it is selected for verification and denied. In a separate list, the returning officer must write a unique identification number from the postal polling statement selected for verification and then rejected.
The returned officer then collects all the blank ballot papers along with the ballot paper that has been removed from the envelope marked "A". Unique identification numbers of all rejected ballot papers are recorded in the list. Ballot papers are counted and placed in postal mailboxes (es) , except for rejected ballot papers and postal ballot papers that have the same unique identification number as the rejected voting statements. Postal mailboxes are closed by returned officers (candidates and agents may also apply their own seals).
On count, the mailbox voicemail blocked its seal, opened and then ballot paper counted.
Voters can contact returned officers to check that their postal polling packet (or postal voting statements and ballot papers) have been received - but responses can only be given after the opening session because returning officers should refer to the post voters list. At the end of the election, the marked postal voters list is open for public inspection and may also be purchased by the Electoral Commission, candidates, elected representatives, government departments, police forces, registered political parties and local constituency parties.
Controversy
There are election fraud cases with a UK postal vote (including the 2004 European and local government elections in Birmingham).
Pilot poll all posts
In 2000, the British government passed a law to allow local authorities to implement pilot innovations in voting methods on local elections (including all-post voting, electronic voting and voting at the weekend), with the first pilot election being held in May. that year.
In May 2000, 2002, and 2003, many local officials piloted an all-post vote on their local elections. In May 2003, 35 local rulers did so. The results of the pilots are a recommendation from the Electoral Commission that all-post voting should be adopted as a normal voting method on local elections in the UK. This reflects a positive impact on voter participation in this election (in some places, the number of voters multiplied) and the fact that there is no evidence of an increase in electoral fraud.
The local elections scheduled for May 2004 were postponed to June and combined with European Parliamentary elections. The British government used this opportunity to test all-ballot voting in these elections in four areas: Northeast, Northwest, Middle East, and Yorkshire and Humber.
The pilots did show a significant increase in the number of voters in which postal voting was put on trial. However, the government faces strong criticism from opposition parties because of the decision to overly recommend the Electoral Commission for no more than three areas to be tested. There are many reports of problems, and due to delays in passing legislation, many ballots are received quite late. However, apart from one ward in Hull where elections had to be restarted, the selection of the pilots was completed successfully and the number of voters in the four regions doubled compared to 1999. Elsewhere, the number of voters increased by half. Again, there is no evidence of increased election fraud in the pilot area, although vote ballot fraud occurs in other areas (see above).
Nevertheless, the Election Commission reported this election was withdrawn from their initial recommendations because his research shows that most people hope to maintain voting options at TPS. Thus, the Commission recommends that new models of some voting methods should be developed, including postal voting, rather than continuing with elections that are fully run by all-post voting.
See also
- Invalid ballot
- People Act Statement
References
External links
- National Voice Coalition at Home
- Vox article on Vote-by-mail deployment in the US - May 2018
- Oregon state page on vot-by-mail
- Highlights from Oregon's voice-per-post history
- The American University research finds a voice through dangerous mail
- No Vote By Mail, Problems with Absent system, Post, and Vote-by-mail
- "Vote-by-Mail: The real winner is Democracy," by Bill Bradbury, Washington Post, December 31, 2004
- "Voting Alone," by Nick Arvin, New York Times, November 8, 2008
- Research on postal polling and voting practices
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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