The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and football associations. Both games have their origins in various soccer that were played in England in the mid-19th century, where football was kicked on goal or kicked the line, which in turn was based on varieties of English public school soccer games.
American football is generated from some of the major divergences of football associations and rugby football, especially the regulatory changes instituted by Walter Camp, Yale University graduates and Hopkins Schools who are considered "Father of American Football". Among the important changes are the introduction of the line of soccer practice, the down-and-distance rule and the legalization of blocking. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, game developments by college coaches such as Eddie Cochems, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Parke H. Davis, Knute Rockne and Glenn "Pop" Warner helped take advantage of the newly introduced pass forward. The popularity of college football grew when it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 20th century. Bowl games, a college football tradition, attracted national audiences for the college team. Driven by fierce competition and colorful traditions, college football still has a wide appeal in the United States.
The origin of professional football can be traced back to 1892, with William "Pudge" Heffelfinger's $ 500 contract to play in the game for the Allegheny Athletic Association against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. In 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed. The league changed its name to National Football League (NFL) two years later, and eventually became the main league of American football. Especially the sports town of Midwestern industry in the United States, professional football has finally become a national phenomenon.
The modern era of American football can be considered to have started after the 1932 Noff Playoff game, which was the first indoor game since 1902 and the first American soccer game to feature a hash mark, advanced past anywhere behind the line of soccer practice, and the movement of the goal posts back to the goal line. Another innovation that occurred immediately after 1932 was the introduction of Poll AP in 1934, the reduction of football ends in 1934, the award of the first Heisman Cup in 1935, the first NFL draft in 1936 and the first television game in 1939. Another important event was the football match the American ball at the 1932 Summer Olympics, combined with a similar demonstration game at the 1933 World Fair, leading to the All-Star Game College of 1934, which in turn was an important factor in the growth of professional soccer in the United States. The explosion of American soccer in popularity during the second half of the 20th century can be traced back to the NFL Championship Game of 1958, a contest dubbed the "Greatest Game Ever Played". A rival league for the NFL, American Football League (AFL), began playing in 1960; the pressure it gives to senior leagues leads to a merger between two leagues and the creation of the Super Bowl, which has become the most watched TV show in the United States each year.
Video History of American football
History of American soccer before 1869
predecessor
Traditional form of football has been played throughout Europe and since antiquity. Many of these involve ball handling, and formations such as scrummage. These ancient forms of football, usually classified as mob football, will be played between neighboring towns and villages, involving an infinite number of players on the opposing team, who will collide with a mass of people who are struggling to drag a pig's bladder which is bubbled in any way. probably for markers at each end of the city. With multiple accounts, in some such events, any means can be used to move the ball toward the goal, as long as it does not lead to ordinary murder or murder. These ancient games experienced a sharp decline in the 19th century when the Highway 1835 Act was passed to ban football games on public highways.
Soccer in America
Although there is some mention of Native Americans who play football, modern American soccer comes from a traditional soccer game played in cities, villages and schools in Europe for centuries before America was inhabited by Europeans. The initial game seems to have much in common with the traditional "mob football" being played in England. The game remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when the intramural game of football began to be played on campuses. Each school plays its own football. Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as "Bloody Monday" began in 1827, consisting of a mass ballgame between freshmen and second graders, playing in The Delta, the space where Memorial Hall is now stand up. (A poem, "Battle of the Delta," was written about the first game: "Murdered Disciples, for the dreadful Sophs of spring/Of unbearable bruises, big goddesses sing!") In 1860, both city police and college authorities agrees that Bloody Monday should go. The Harvard students respond by going to the mourning for a figure pretending to be called "Football Fightum", for whom they perform the funeral ceremony. The authorities held firm and dozens of years before football was once again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played his own version called "Old division football", a rule first published in 1871, even though the game dates at least 1830s. All these games, and others, share certain similarities. They remain largely a "mafia style" game, with a large number of players trying to advance the ball into the target area, often in whatever way it takes. The rules are simple, and violence and general injury occur. The violence of this mob-style game caused widespread protests and the decision to abandon it. Yale, under pressure from the city of New Haven, banned the game of all forms of football in 1860.
The game began to return to campuses in the late 1860s. Yale, Princeton, Rutgers University, and Brown University began playing popular "kicking" games during this time. In 1867, Princeton used rules based on the Football Association of London. The "running game", resembling rugby football, was taken over by the Montreal Football Club in Canada in 1868.
Maps History of American football
Inter-college soccer (1869-present)
Pioneer period (1869-1875)
On November 6, 1869, Rutgers University faced Princeton University (later known as the College of New Jersey) in a game played with a round ball and, using a set of rules suggested by Rutgers captain William J. Leggett, based on the first set of Football Association rules, which was an early attempt by former British public school students, to unify their public school game rules and create a universal set of rules and standards for football games and have little resemblance to the American Games that will be developed in the coming decades. It's still usually considered the first American soccer match between colleges. The game was played on the Rutgers field. Two teams of 25 players tried to score by kicking the ball into the opposing team's goal. Throwing or carrying the ball is not allowed, but there is a lot of physical contact between players. The first team to reach six goals was declared the winner. Rutgers wins with a score of six to four. The re-match was played at Princeton a week later under Princeton's own rules (one crucial difference was the granting of a "free kick" to every player who caught the ball quickly, which was a feature adopted from the Football Association rules; modern American match). Princeton won the game with a score of 8-0. Columbia joined the series in 1870, and in 1872 several schools conducted interculture, including Yale and Stevens Institute of Technology.
Rutgers first expanded the reach of the game. An interollegiate game was first played in New York state when Rutgers played Columbia on November 2, 1872. It was also the first goalless game in the history of the new sport. Yale football started in the same year and had the first game against Columbia, the closest college to play football. It happened at Hamilton Park in New Haven and was the first game in New England. This game uses a set of rules based on football associations with 20 players, playing in the field 400 to 250 feet. Yale won 3-0, Tommy Sherman scored first and Lew Irwin the other two.
In 1873, the students who played football had made significant efforts to standardize their new game. The team has been relegated from 25 players to 20. The only way to score is still to hit or kick the ball through the opposing team's goal, and the game is played in two 45-minute sections on a 140-meter long and 70-meter wide field. On October 20, 1873, representatives from Yale, Columbia, Princeton, and Rutgers met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City to arrange the first inter-college football rules. Prior to this meeting, each school had its own set of rules and the game itself was usually played using the host team's own code. At this meeting, the list of rules, based more on the Football Association rules than the newly established Rugby Football Union rules, was made for inter-college soccer games.
Harvard refused to attend the conference rules organized by other schools and continued to play under his own code. While Harvard's decision to maintain the code made it difficult for them to schedule matches against other American universities, it agreed to play McGill University, from Montreal, in a two-match series in 1874. Harvard won the first game, where the rules were used, 3-0. The second game, which was played under rugby rules, did not have a winner because both teams failed to score.
Harvard quickly liked the game of rugby, and its use which, until then, was not used in American football. The experiment will then develop into a score known as touchdown. On June 4, 1875, Harvard faced Tufts University in the first game between two American colleges who played under rules similar to the McGill/Harvard contest, which Tufts won. Rules include each side of the fielding 11 people at a given time, the ball forward by kicking or carrying it, and the tackles of the ball carrier stop playing. Further fascinated by the excitement of McGill's football version, Harvard challenged his closest rival, Yale, received by the Bulldog. Both teams agreed to play under a set of rules called "Rules of Concessions", involving Harvard admitting something to Yale football and Yale admitting a lot to the Harvard rugby. They decided to play with 15 players on each team. On November 13, 1875, Yale and Harvard played each other for the first time, in which Harvard won 4-0. At The First Game - the annual contest between Harvard and Yale, among the 2,000 spectators attending that day's game, is the future of "American football father" Walter Camp. Walter, who will register at Yale next year, is torn between Harvard's admiration and Yale's defeat, and is determined to avenge Yale's defeat. Audiences from Princeton admire this type of game and it becomes the most popular soccer version there.
Walter Camp: Mr. America football
Walter Camp: Walter_Camp: _Father_of_American_football "> Walter Camp:Walter Camp is widely regarded as the most important figure in the development of American football. As a young man, he excelled in sports such as tracks, baseball, and football associations, and after enrolling at Yale in 1876, he earned university awards in every sport the school offered.
After the introduction of the rugby style rule to American football, Camp became a fixture at the Massasoit House convention where rules were debated and changed. Dissatisfied with what for him as an unorganized mass, he proposed his first rule change at the first meeting he attended in 1878: a reduction of fifteen players to eleven. The movement was rejected at that time but passed in 1880. The effect was to open the game and emphasize the speed of power. The most notable changes in Camp, the formation of a line of soccer practice and a snap from the center to the quarterback, were also ratified in 1880. Initially, the snap was executed with a central foot. The change then allows to snap the ball by hand, either by air or by hand-to-hand pass instantly.
Camp's new fight rules revolutionize the game, though not always as intended. Princeton, in particular, used a struggling exercise to slow the game, making additional progress toward the final zone during each down. Instead of raising the score, which was Camp's initial intent, the rule was exploited to maintain ball control for the entire match, resulting in a slow, unexciting contest. At the 1882 rule meeting, Camp proposed that a team be required to advance the ball at least five meters in three downs. The down-and-distance rules, combined with the formation of a line of soccer practice, transformed the game from a variation of rugby football into a different sport from American football.
Camp is at the center of some significant rule changes that come to define American football. In 1881, the field was reduced in size to a modern dimension of 120 x 53 / 3 yard (109.7 times 48.8 meters). Several times in 1883, Camp played around with the scoring rules, finally arriving at four points for the touchdown, two points for a kick after touchdown, two points for safeties, and five for field goals. Camp's innovations in the point scoring area affected the rugby union movement to point scoring in 1890. In 1887, game time was fixed on two sections of 45 minutes each. Also in 1887, two paid officials - a referee and a referee - were mandated for every game. A year later, the rules were changed to allow handling below the waist, and in 1889, officials were given a whistle and stopwatch.
The latter, and is the most important innovation, which will ultimately make American football uniquely "American", is the legalization of intervention, or blocking, a very illegal tactic under the rules of rugby style. Interference remains very illegal in both rugby codes. The prohibition of interference in rugby games stems from the strict enforcement of offside rules, which prohibit any player on the team with possession of the ball to loosen up between the ball and goal. At first, American players will find creative ways to help runners by pretending to accidentally knock into defenses that try to overcome runners. When Walter Camp witnessed this tactic used against his Yale team, he was initially shocked, but the following year had adopted a blocking tactic for his own team. During the 1880s and 1890s, the team developed an increasingly complex blocking tactic including interference interlocking techniques known as the Flying Wedge or "V-trick formation", developed by Lorin F. Deland and first introduced by Harvard in a college match high against Yale in 1892. Despite its effectiveness, it was banned two seasons later in 1894 through the efforts of a government committee headed by Parke H. Davis, due to his contribution to serious injury.
After his playing career at Yale ended in 1882, Camp was employed by the New Haven Clock Company until his death in 1925. Although no longer a player, he remained a fixture at annual rules meetings for most of his life, and he personally selected the All- American annually annually from 1889 to 1924. The Walter Camp Football Foundation continues to select the All-American teams in his honor.
The scoring table
Inter-American Football Association Period (1876-1893)
On 23 November 1876, representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia met at Massasoit House in Springfield, Massachusetts to standardize new rule codes based on rugby games first introduced to Harvard by McGill University in 1874. The rule is largely based on the Rugby Football Union code of the UK, although one notable difference is the replacement of goals kicked with touchdown as a primary means of scoring goals (changes that would later occur in rugby itself, supporting the experiment as the main scoring event). Three schools - Harvard, Columbia, and Princeton - formed the Inter-Agency Football Association, as a result of the meeting. Yale did not join the group until 1879, due to an initial dispute about the number of players per team.
The first match in which one team scored more than 100 points occurred on 25 October 1884 when Yale defeated Dartmouth 113-0. It was also the first time a team scored more than 100 points and the opposing team was closed. The following week, Princeton beat Lafayette's number with 140 to 0.
In 1879, the University of Michigan became the first school in western Pennsylvania to form a college football team. On May 30, 1879 Michigan defeated Racine College 1-0 in a match played in Chicago. The Chicago Daily Tribune calls it "the first rugby-football game to be played in western Alleghenies." Other Midwestern schools soon followed, including the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Minnesota. The first western team to travel east was the Michigan team of 1881, who played at Harvard, Yale and Princeton. The country's first college football league, Inter-Representative Representative Office (also known as the Western Conference), the predecessor of the Big Ten Conference, was founded in 1895.
Organized first organized college football was first played in the state of Virginia and south on November 2, 1873 at Lexington between Washington and Lee and VMI. Washington and Lee win 4-2. Some diligent students from two schools held a match for October 23, 1869 - but it rained.
On April 9, 1880 at Stoll Field, Transylvania University (later called Kentucky University) defeated Center College with a score of 13Ã,¾-0 in what is often regarded as the first recorded game played in the South. The first game of "scientific football" in the South was the first example of the Victory Bell rivalry between North Carolina and Duke (later known as Trinity College) held on Thanksgiving Day, 1888, at the North Carolina State Fairgrounds in Raleigh, North Carolina.
On 13 November 1887 the Cavaliers and Pantops Academy fought for a goalless game in the first soccer game held in the state of Virginia. Students at UvA played a football-style pick-up game kicking as early as 1870, and some accounts even claimed that some players were diligent in organizing matches against Washington and Lee College in 1871, just two years after Rutgers and Princeton's first historic game in 1869. But none records found from the score of this contest. Washington and Lee also claimed a 4 to 2 victory over the VMI in 1873.
College football thrived during the last two decades of the 19th century. Some of the major rivalries come from this period.
November 1890 is an active time in sports. In Baldwin City, Kansas, on November 22, 1890, college football was first played in the state of Kansas. Baker beat Kansas 22-9. On the 27th, Vanderbilt played in Nashville (Peabody) at Athletic Park and won 40-0. This is the first time that soccer has been played in the state of Tennessee. The 29th also sees the first example of the Navy-Navy Game. The Navy won 24-0.
The first night football match was played in Mansfield, Pennsylvania on 28 September 1892 between Mansfield State Normal and Wyoming Seminary and ended in the first half with a score of 0-0. The navy-navy game of 1893 saw football helmet usage by a player who was first documented in a game. Joseph M. Reeves had a raw leather helmet made by shoemakers in Annapolis and wore it in the game after being warned by doctors that he risked his life if he continued playing football after suffering a previous kick to the head.
Although the start of the contemporary Southeast Conference and the Atlantic Coast Conference began in 1892. After organizing the first Auburn football team that year, George Petrie set up a team to play the University of Georgia team at Piedmont Park in Atlanta, Georgia. Auburn won the game, 10-0, ahead of 2,000 spectators. The game formalizes what college football fans know as the Old Deep South Competition. It was in 1894 the Association of South Interfaith Athletes (SIAA) was founded on December 21, 1894, by Dr. William Dudley, a professor of chemistry at Vanderbilt. The original members are Alabama, Auburn, Georgia, Georgia Tech, North Carolina, Sewanee, and Vanderbilt. Clemson, Cumberland, Kentucky, LSU, Mercer, Mississippi, Mississippi A & amp; M (Mississippi State), University of Southwest Presbyterian, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, and University of Nashville joined the following year in 1895 as members of an invited charter. The conference was originally formed for "development and purification of college athletics throughout the South".
It is thought that the first forward bait in football occurred on 26 October 1895 in a match between Georgia and North Carolina when, out of desperation, the ball was thrown by North Carolina back Joel Whitaker instead of punted and George Stephens caught the ball. On November 9, 1895 John Heisman executed a hidden ball trick utilizing quarterback Reynolds Tichenor to get Auburn's only touchdown in a 6 to 9 loss for Vanderbilt. It was the first game in the south that was decided by a field goal. Heisman then uses tricks against Georgia's Pop Warner team. Warner took the trick and then used it at Cornell against Penn State in 1897. He then used it in 1903 at Carlisle against Harvard and garnered national attention.
The 1899 Sewanee Tigers are one of the great teams of all time from the early sport. The team went 12-0, defeating opponents 322 to 10. Known as "Iron Men", with only 13 people they had a six-day trip with five shutout wins over Texas A & amp; M; Texas; Tulane; LSU; and Ole Miss. It is remembered with the phrase "... and on the seventh day they rest." Grantland Rice called them "the most enduring soccer team I've ever seen."
The first college football match in the Oklahoma Region occurred on November 7, 1895 when the Oklahoma City Terrors beat the Oklahoma Sooners 34 to 0. The Terrors was a mixture of Methodist students and high school students. The Sooners did not set any of the first downs. The following season, Oklahoma coach John A. Harts has gone to look for gold in the Arctic. Organized football was first played in the area on 29 November 1894 between Oklahoma City Terror and Oklahoma City High School. The middle school won 24 to 0.
In 1891, the first Stanford soccer team was hastily organized and played a four-season season starting in January 1892 without an official head coach. After the season, Stanford captain John Whittemore wrote to Yale coach, Walter Camp, asking him to recommend a coach for Stanford. For Whittemore's surprise, Camp agreed to coach his own team, on condition that he finish the season at Yale first. As a result of Camp's late arrival, Stanford played only three official matches, against San Francisco's Olympic Club and California rivals. The team also played an exhibition match against two Los Angeles area teams that Stanford did not include in the official results. Camp returned to the East Coast after the season, but coached Stanford for the next two years from 1894-1895.
USC first fielded the American soccer team in 1888. Played its first game on November 14 that year against the Alliance Athletic Club, where the USC won a 16-0 victory. Frank Suffel and Henry H. Goddard are training the first team coach united by quarterback Arthur Carroll; who in turn voluntarily makes pants for the team and then becomes a tailor. USC faced its first college opponent the following year in autumn 1889, playing St. Vincent's College for a 40-0 victory. In 1893, USC joined the Southern California Football Association (SCIAC pioneer), consisting of USC, Occidental College, Throop Polytechnic Institute (Cal Tech), and Chaffey College. Pomona College was invited to enter, but refused to do so. Invitations were also extended to Los Angeles High School.
The Big Game between Stanford and California is the oldest college football competition in the West. The first match was played at the Haight Street Grounds in San Francisco on March 19, 1892 with Stanford winning 14-10. The term "Big Game" was first used in 1900, when it was played on Thanksgiving Day in San Francisco. During the game, a large group of men and boys, observing from the roof of S.F. nearest. and Pacific Glass Works, fell into a fiery interior when the roof collapsed, leaving 13 people dead and 78 wounded. On December 4, 1900, the last victim of the disaster (Fred Lilly) died, bringing the death toll to 22; "Thanksgiving Day disaster" remains the deadliest accident to kill audiences at US sporting events.
In May 1900, Fielding H. Yost was employed as a football coach at Stanford University, and, after returning home to West Virginia, he arrived in Palo Alto, California, on August 21, 1900. Yost led the Stanford team 1900 to 7 -2- 1 record, outscoring opponents 154 to 20. The following year in 1901, Yost was hired by Charles A. Baird as head coach of football for the Wolverines Michigan football team. Led by Yost, Michigan became the first "western" national power. From 1901 to 1905, Michigan had an unbeaten streak for 56 matches that included a 1902 trip to play at the first college basketball game, which later became the Rose Bowl Game. During this streak, Michigan scored 2,831 points while allowing only 40.
In 1906, citing concerns about violence on American Football, the university on the West Coast, led by California and Stanford, replaced the sport with a rugby union. At the time, the future of American football was highly questionable and these schools believed that the rugby union would eventually be adopted nationally. Other schools are following and also switching including Nevada, St. Mary's, Santa Clara, and USC (in 1911). However, due to the perception that West Coast football is lower than the game being played on the East Coast anyway, the East Coast and Midwest teams ignore the loss of the team and continue to play American football. Without the national movement, the rugby teams available for play remain small. The schools schedule matches against local club teams and reach the power of the rugby union in Australia, New Zealand, and especially, because of its proximity, Canada. The annual Big Game between Stanford and California continues as rugby, with the winners invited by the British Columbia Rugby Union to the tournament in Vancouver over the Christmas break, with the tournament winner receiving the Cooper Keith Trophy.
Violence and controversy (1905)
From the early days as a mob game, soccer is a very hard sport. The 1894 Harvard-Yale game, known as "Hampden Park Blood Bath", resulted in a crippling injury to four players; The contest was discontinued until 1897. The annual Army-Navy match was suspended from 1894 to 1898 for the same reason. One of the main problems is the popularity of mass formations such as the flying wedge, where a large number of offensive players are charged as units against similarly regulated defenses. The resulting collisions often cause serious injuries and sometimes even death. Former Georgia defender Richard Von Albade Gammon died on the field due to a concussion received against Virginia in 1897, which caused some southern universities to temporarily stop their football program.
In 1905 there were 19 deaths nationwide. President Theodore Roosevelt reportedly threatened to close the match if drastic changes did not occur. However, Roosevelt's threat to eliminate football is disputed by sports historians. What is certain is that on October 9, 1905, Roosevelt held a meeting of football representatives from Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Although he taught to eliminate and reduce injuries, he never threatened to ban football. He also has no authority to remove football and, in fact, is actually a sports fan and wants to preserve it. The President's children also played football on campus and intermediate levels at the time.
Meanwhile, John H. Outland staged an experimental game in Wichita, Kansas that reduced the number of drama tussles to get the first drop from four to three in an effort to reduce injuries. The Los Angeles Times reported an increase in punts and considered the game much safer than playing normally but the new rules were not "conducive to sport." Finally, on December 28, 1905, 62 schools met in New York City to discuss changing the rules to make the game safer. As a result of this meeting, the United States Intercollegiate Athletic Association, later named the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), was formed. One rule change introduced in 1906, designed to open the game and reduce injury, is the introduction of a legal forward pass. Although it has been underutilized for years, it proves to be one of the most important rule changes in the formation of modern games.
As a result of the 1905-1906 reforms, the drama of mass coaching became illegal and advanced through the law. Bradbury Robinson, playing for visionary trainer Eddie Cochems in St. Louis. Louis University, threw the first legal permit in a 5 September 1906 game against Carroll College in Waukesha. Another important change, which was formally adopted in 1910, was a requirement that at least seven offensive players were on the line of struggle at the time of the snap, that there was no encouragement or pull, and interlocking interference (arm related or hands on the belt). and uniforms) are not allowed. This change greatly reduces the potential for collision injury. Several coaches emerged who took advantage of this big change. Amos Alonzo Stagg introduces innovations such as huddle, preservative dolls, and pre-snap shifts. Other coaches, such as Pop Warner and Knute Rockne, introduced new strategies that are still part of the game.
In addition to this coaching innovation, some rules changed during the first third of the 20th century had a huge impact on the game, mostly in opening passing games. In 1914, the first punishment was done. In 1918, regulations on eligible recipients were relaxed to allow qualified players to catch the ball anywhere in the field - rules that were previously tight in place only allowed passes to certain areas of the field. The scoring rules also changed during this time: the field goal was downgraded to three points in 1909 and goals scored to six points in 1912.
The star players who appeared in the early 20th century included Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, and Bronko Nagurski; all three made the transition to the young NFL and helped turn it into a successful league. Sportswriter Grantland Rice helped popularize this sport with its poetic description of colorful games and nicknames for the game's biggest players, including Notre Dame's "Four Riders" ranks and Fordham University linemen, known as the "Seven Blocks of Granite."
In 1907 in Champaign, Illinois, Chicago and Illinois played in the first game to have a halftime show featuring a marching band. Chicago won 42-6. On November 25, 1911, Kansas and Missouri played the first homecoming football game. This game "broadcast" play-by-play via telegraph to at least 1,000 fans in Lawrence, Kansas. It ends with a 3-3 tie. The match between West Virginia and Pittsburgh on October 8, 1921, witnessed the first live radio broadcast of a college football game when Harold W. Arlin announced that the Backyard Brawl of that year was played at Forbes Field at KDKA. Pitt won 21-13. On October 28, 1922, Princeton and Chicago played the first game that was broadcast nationally on radio. Princeton won 21-18 in a hotly contested game that has been dubbed Princeton as "Team of Destiny."
Essential intersexional game
In 1906 Vanderbilt beat Carlisle 4-0, the result of Bob Blake's field goal. In 1907 Vanderbilt fought against the Navy with a 6-6 tie. In 1910 Vanderbilt held defending Yale national champion into a goalless tie.
Helping Georgia Tech claim to a degree in 1917, Auburn Tigers held unbeaten, Chic Harley led the Big Ten Ohio State champion to a goalless tie a week before Georgia Tech defeated the 68-7 Tigers. The following season, with many players away due to World War I, a match was finally scheduled at Forbes Field with Pittsburgh. The Panthers, led by halfback Tom Davies, beat Georgia Tech 32-0.
1917 saw the emergence of another Southern team at the Center of Danville, Kentucky. In 1921 Bo McMillin led the Center upset defending national champion Harvard 6-0 in what is widely regarded as one of the biggest distractions in the history of college football. The next year Vanderbilt against Michigan with a goalless tie at the inaugural match at Dudley Field, the first stadium in the South made exclusively for college football. Michigan coach Fielding Yost and Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin are brother-in-law, and the latter are protégés of the former. The game features two of the best defenses of the season and includes a goal line that stands by Vanderbilt to maintain a tie. The result was a "big surprise for the sport." Commodore fans celebrate by throwing some 3,000 seat cushions into the field. The game stands out in Vanderbilt history. In the same year, Alabama upset Penn 9-7.
The Vanderbilt line coach then was Wallace Wade, who in 1925 coached Alabama for a Rose Bowl victory in the south. This game is often referred to as "the game that turns south." Wade followed up the following season with an unbeaten record and a Rose Bowl tie.
The modernization of inter-racial American soccer (1933-1969)
In the early 1930s, college games continued to grow, particularly in the South, supported by fierce competition such as "South Oldest Rivalry", between Virginia and North Carolina and the "Old Deep South Competition", between Georgia and Auburn. Although before the mid-1920s most of the national forces were from the Northeast or the Midwest, the trend changed when several teams from the South and the West Coast achieved national success. Wallace's William Wade team in 1925 Alabama won the 1926 Rose Bowl after receiving his first national title and Georgia Techland's 1928 team from William Alexander defeated California in the 1929 Rose Bowl. College football quickly became the most popular spectator sport in the South.
Several modern college soccer conferences rose to prominence during this time period. The Southwest Athletic Conference was founded in 1915. Most consist of schools from Texas, the conference looked back at the national champion with Texas Christian University (TCU) in 1938 and Texas A & amp; M in 1939. The Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), the predecessor of the Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12), has its own back-to-back champions at the University of Southern California awarded the title in 1931 and 1932. The Southeastern Conference (SEC) was formed in 1932 and consisted mostly of schools in the South End. As in the previous decade, the Big Ten continued to dominate in the 1930s and 1940s, with Minnesota winning 5 titles between 1934 and 1941, and Michigan (1933, 1947, and 1948) and Ohio State (1942) also winning titles.
When it grew beyond its regional affiliations in the 1930s, college football garnered increasing national attention. Four new bowl games were created: the Orange Bowl, the Sugar Bowl, the Sun Bowl in 1935, and the Cotton Bowl in 1937. In lieu of the actual national championship, this bowl game, along with the previous Rose Bowl, provides a way to match teams from areas far from a non-playing country. In 1936, the Associated Press initiated a weekly poll of leading sports writers, ranking all of the nation's college soccer teams. Since there is no national championship match, the latest version of the AP poll is used to determine who is crowned National Champion of college football.
The 1930s saw growth in passing games. Although some coaches, such as General Robert Neyland in Tennessee, continue to avoid its use and are the last college team to produce unbeaten, unbound and unattended seasons in 1939. some of the rules changed on the game had a profound effect on the team's ability to throw the ball. In 1934, the rules committee deleted two large penalties - losing five meters for an incomplete second jump in each series receding and losing possession to an incomplete pass in the final zone - and shrinking around the ball, making it easier to grasp and dispose of. Players who became famous for taking advantage of easier passing games include the late Alabama Don Hutson and TCU "Slingin" passer Sammy Baugh.
In 1935, the New York City Athletic Club City Center won the first Heisman Cup to the University of Chicago, back midfielder Jay Berwanger, also the first NFL Draft pick in 1936. The trophy was designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu and modeled after New York University players Ed Smith. This trophy recognizes the "most distinguished" college football player and has become one of the most coveted awards in all American sports.
During World War II, college football players were enlisted in the armed forces, some playing in Europe during the war. Since most of these players have the remaining eligibility in their college careers, some of them return to college at West Point, bringing back the national titles of the Army in 1944 and 1945 under coach Red Blaik. Doc Blanchard (known as "Mr. Inside") and Glenn Davis (known as "Mr. Outside") both won the Heisman Trophy, respectively in 1945 and 1946. On the coaching staff of the 1944-1946 Army teams, there will be a Pro Football Hall of Fame coach in the future, Vince Lombardi.
The 1950s saw the emergence of more dynasties and power programs. Oklahoma, under coach Bud Wilkinson, won three national titles (1950, 1955, 1956) and all ten Big Eight Conference championships in a decade while building a record 47 consecutive wins. Woody Hayes led Ohio State to two national titles, in 1954 and 1957, and dominated the Big Ten conference, winning three Big Ten titles - more than any other school. Wilkinson and Hayes, along with Robert Neyland of Tennessee, oversaw the rise of the game that ran in the 1950s. The graduation rate dropped from an average of 18.9 attempts in 1951 to 13.6 attempts in 1955, while the average team only shunned 50 matches per game. Nine out of ten Heisman cup winners in the 1950s were runners. Notre Dame, one of the greatest graduation teams of the decade, sees a big drop in success; The 1950s were the only decade between 1920 and 1990 when the team did not win at least one part of the national title. Paul Hornung, notre Dame quarterback, did, however, win Heisman in 1956, becoming the only player of the losing team to ever do.
Inter-college football modern (1970-present)
Following the great success of the 1958 National Football League championship game, college football no longer enjoys the same popularity as the NFL, at least at the national level. While both games benefited from the advent of television, since the late 1950s, the NFL has become a nationally popular sport while college football has maintained a strong regional relationship.
When professional football becomes a national television phenomenon, college football likewise. In the 1950s, Notre Dame, which has many national followers, formed its own network to broadcast its game, but in general the sport still retained much of the region. In 1952, the NCAA claimed all television broadcasting rights for the game of its member institutions, and itself negotiated television broadcasting rights. This situation continued until 1984, when several schools brought suits under the Sherman Anti-Semitism Act; The Supreme Court ruled against the NCAA and schools are now free to negotiate their own television deals. ABC Sports began broadcasting the National Game of the Week in 1966, bringing major opposition and rivalry to the national audience for the first time.
New formations and games continue to be developed. Emory Bellard, assistant coach under Darrell Royal at the University of Texas, developed a three-back option style violation known as wishbone. Wishbone is a gross violation that depends on the quarterback making a second decision at the moment and to whom to hand or pitch the ball into. Royal went on to teach offenses to other trainers, including Bear Bryant in Alabama, Chuck Fairbanks in Oklahoma and Pepper Rodgers at UCLA; all of which adapt and develop according to their own tastes. The strategic opposite of wishbone is a widespread offense, developed by professional trainers and colleges throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Although some schools play run-based versions of their spread, their most common use is as a violation done to "spread" fields horizontally and vertically. Some teams have managed to adapt to the time to keep winning consistently. In the ranking of most winning programs, Michigan, Notre Dame, and Texas are ranked first, second, and third in total victory.
Bowl game growth
In 1940, for the highest level of college football, there were only five games (Rose, Orange, Sugar, Sun, and Cotton). By 1950, three more people had joined the number and in 1970, there were only eight big games in college. The number increased to eleven in 1976. At the birth of cable television and cable sports networks such as ESPN, there were fifteen bowls in 1980. With more national venues and increased incomes available, the bowls saw explosive growth throughout the 1980s, and 1990s. In thirty years 1950-1980, seven bowl matches were added to the schedule. From 1980 to 2008, an additional 20 games were added to the schedule. Some have criticized this growth, claiming that an increase in the number of games has diluted the importance of playing in bowl games. Yet others have argued that an increasing number of games have increased exposure and income for a large number of schools, and see it as a positive development.
With the growth of bowl games, it becomes difficult to determine the national champions fairly and equally. When conferences become contextually bound up to a particular bowl game (a situation known as a tie-in), match-ups guaranteed national champions consensus become increasingly scarce. In 1992, seven independent conferences and Notre Dame formed the Bowl Coalition, which seeks to organize matches against No.1 and No.2 each year based on AP's final voting rank. The coalition lasts for three years; However, some scheduling problems prevent much success; tie-ins is still preferred in some cases. For example, Big Eight and SEC champions never get to meet, because they are bound by contract with various bowl games. The coalition has also ruled out the Rose Bowl, arguably the most prestigious game in the country, and two major conferences - Pac-10 and the Big Ten - meaning that it has limited success. In 1995, the Coalition was replaced by the Bowl Alliance, which reduced the number of bowl games to host nationwide championship matches up to three - Fiesta, Sugar, and Orange Bowl - and participating conferences into five - ACC, SEC, Southwest, Big Eight, and Big East. It was agreed that the teams ranked No.1 and No.2 handed over the previous bowl tie-ins and were guaranteed to meet in a national championship match, which was rotated between three participating bowls. This system still does not include the Big Ten, Pac-10, or Rose Bowl, and thus still lacks the legitimacy of a true national championship.
Bowl Championship Series
In 1998, a new system was introduced called the Bowl Championship Series. For the first time, it covers all major conferences (ACC, Big East, Big 12, Big Ten, Pac-10, and SEC) and all four main bowl games (Rose, Orange, Sugar, and Fiesta). The champions of these six conferences, along with two "in-large" options, were invited to play in four bowl matches. Each year, one of the four bowl matches is presented as a national championship game. Also, complex systems of human polls, computer ratings, and calculation force powers are instituted to rank schools. Under this ranking system, teams No.1 and No.2 meet annually in national championship matches. Traditional tie-ins are maintained for schools and bowls are not part of a national championship. For example, in the years when it was not part of the national championship, the Rose Bowl was still the host of the Big Ten and Pac-10 champions.
The system is constantly changing, because the formula for ranking teams is tweaked from year to year. Big teams can be selected from one of the Division I conferences, though only one option - Utah in 2005 - comes from a non-AQ BCS conference. Beginning with the 2006 season, the fifth game - called the BCS National Championship Game - was added to the schedule, to be played at the location of one of four rotating BCS bowl games, a week after the regular game of bowl games. This opens BCS for two additional teams in-large. Also, the rules were changed to add champions from five additional conferences (USA Conference, Mid-America Conference, West Mountain Conference, Conference of the Solar Belt and Western Athletic Conference), provided that the champion is ranked the top twelve in the last BCS ranking, or are ranked in the top 16 of BCS rankings and rank higher than at least one champion of the "BCS conference" (also known as the "AQ" conference, for Auto Qualification). Several times after this rule change is applied, schools from non-AQ conferences play in the BCS bowl game. In 2009, Boise State played TCU on the Fiesta Bowl, the first time two schools of non-AQ BCS conferences play each other in a bowl of BCS games. The last team of non-AQ ranks to reach the bowl game BCS is Northern Illinois in 2012, which plays in the (and lost) 2013 Orange Bowl.
College College Playoff
Due to the intensification of the soccer college playoff debate after nearly a decade of occasionally debated results from BCS, conference commissioner and president Notre Dame chose to implement a Plus-One system that would be called 'College Football Playoff'. The College Football Playoff is the annual postseason tournament for the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and just like its predecessor, has failed to accept sanctions from the NCAA. The playoff starts with the 2014 FBS NCAA Division I football season. Four teams play in two semi-final games, and the winners advance to the Playoff Football College National Championship. The first season of the new system was not without controversy, however, after TCU and Baylor (both with only one loss) failed to receive the support of the College Football Playoff electoral committee.
Professional football (1892-now)
Initial players, teams, and league (1892-1919)
At the beginning of the 20th century, football began to flourish in the general population of the United States and was the subject of intense competition and competition, albeit local in nature. Although payments for players were deemed unsportsmanlike and disrespectful at the time, the Pittsburgh area club, Allegheny Athletic Association, of an unofficial western Pennsylvania football circuit, secretly hired former Yale All-American William guard "Pudge" Heffelfinger. On November 12, 1892, Heffelfinger became the first known professional soccer player. He paid $ 500 to play in a game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. Heffelfinger took Pittsburgh off the mark and ran 35 yards for the touchdown, winning the 4-0 game for Allegheny. Although observers are suspicious, payments remain a secret for many years.
On September 3, 1895, the first fully professional game was played, at Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe Athletic Association and the Jeannette Athletic Club. Latrobe won the 12-0 contest. During this game, the Latrobe quarterback, John Brallier became the first player to openly admit paid to play football. He paid $ 10 plus fee to play. In 1897, the Latrobe Athletic Association paid all its players for the entire season, becoming the first fully professional football team. In 1898, William Chase Temple took over the payment of a team for Duquesne Country and Athletic Club, a professional football team based in Pittsburgh from 1895 to 1900, becoming the owner of the first known individual soccer club. Later that year, the Morgan Athletic Club, on the South Side of Chicago, was founded. The team later became the Chicago Cardinals, then St. Louis Cardinals and now known as Arizona Cardinals, making them the oldest professional football team that continues to operate.
The first known professional football league, known as the National Football League (not the same as the modern league) began playing in 1902 when several baseball clubs formed soccer teams to play in the league, including Philadelphia Athletics, Pittsburgh Pirates and Philadelphia Phillies.. The Pirates' Pittsburgh Stars team was awarded the league championship. However, Athletics Football Philadelphia and Philadelphia Football Phillies also claim the title. The five-team tournament, known as the World Series of Football was hosted by Tom O'Rouke, manager of Madison Square Garden. The show featured the first indoor pro football game. The first indoor professional game came on December 29, 1902, when the Syracuse Athletic Club beat the "New York team" 5-0. Syracuse will continue to win the 1902 Series, while the Franklin Athletic Club won the Series in 1903. The World Series lasted only two seasons.
The first black man to be paid for his game at a football game was considered the sporting athlete of two Charles Follis, a member of the Shelby Steamfitters for five years starting in 1902, becoming Follis professional in 1904.
The game moved west to Ohio, which became the center of professional football during the early decades of the 20th century. Small towns like Massillon, Akron, Portsmouth and Canton all support a professional team in a loose coalition known as the "Ohio League", the immediate predecessor of the current National Football League. In 1906 the Canton Bulldogs-Massillon Tigers betting scandal became the first major scandal in professional football in the United States. That is the first known case of professional gamblers trying to improve professional sports. Although the Massillon Tigers could not prove that Cantonese Bulldogs had thrown the second game, the scandal smeared the name of the Bulldog and helped ruin professional football in Ohio until the mid-1910s.
In 1915, the revised Cantonese Bulldogs signed former Olympic Olympic and Carlisle Indian School Jim Thorpe into a contract. Thorpe became the face of professional football for the next few years and was present at the founding of the National Football League five years later.
The early years of the NFL (1920-1932)
Formation
In 1920, the American Professional Football Association (APFA) was established, at a meeting at a Hupmobile car dealership in Canton, Ohio. Jim Thorpe was elected first president in the league. After a few more meetings, the league membership was formalized. The original team is:
In the early years of the league nothing more than a formal agreement between teams to play each other and to declare champions at the end of the season. Teams are still allowed to play as non-league members. The 1920 season saw some teams drop out and fail to play through their schedules. Only four teams: Akron, Buffalo, Canton, and Decatur, who finish the schedule. Akron claimed the first league champions, with the only unbeaten record among the remaining teams.
The APFA, later known as the National Football League (NFL), has a limited number of black players. In the first seven years of the league, nine African-Americans played in the APFA/NFL. Two black players participated in his inaugural season: Fritz Pollard and Bobby Marshall. In 1921, Pollard trained in the league, becoming the first African-American to do so.
Expansion
In 1921, several other teams joined the league, increasing membership to 22 teams. Among the new additions are the Green Bay Packers, which now have records for the longest use of unchanged team names. Also in 1921, A. E. Staley, owner of Decatur Staleys, sold the team to player-coach George Halas, who later became one of the most important figures in the first half-century of the NFL. In 1921, Halas moved the team to Chicago, but retained the Staleys nickname. In 1922, the team changed its name to Chicago Bears. The Staleys won the AF21 Championship 1921, above the Buffalo All-American in an event later called "Staley Swindle".
By the mid-1920s, NFL membership had grown to 25 teams, and a rival league known as the American Football League was formed. The AFL rival is folded after one season, but it symbolizes growing interest in professional games. Some of the lecture stars joined the NFL, notably Red Grange from the University of Illinois, which was taken on a famous barnstorming tour in 1925 by the Chicago Bears. Another seasonal scandal centered on the 1925 match between the Chicago Cardinals and Milwaukee Badgers. The scandal involved a Chicago player, Art Folz, who hired a bunch of high school football players to play for Milwaukee Badgers, against The Cardinals. This will ensure an inferior opponent for Chicago. The game is used to help raise the percentage of their profit and loss and as an opportunity to win the 1925 Championship away from first place Pottsville Maroons. All sides are severely punished at first; However, a few months later the sentence was canceled. Also that year a controversial dispute overturned the NFL title from Maroon and gave it to the Cardinals.
1932 NFL playoff game
At the end of the 1932 season, the Chicago Bears and Portsmouth Spartans tied with the best regular-season record. To determine the champions, the league opted to hold its first playoff game. Due to the cold weather, a match was held indoors at the Chicago Stadium, which forced some temporary rule changes. Chicago wins, 9-0. Playoff proved so popular that the league was reorganized into two divisions for the 1933 season, with the winners advancing to the championship game scheduled. A number of changes to the new rules also instituted: the goalposts moved to the goal line, every game starts from between the hash marks, and feedforward can come from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage (instead of the previous five yards behind). In 1936, the NFL instituted the first draft of the college players. With the selection of the first draft, the Philadelphia Eagles chose Heisman Trophy winner Jay Berwanger, but he refused to play professionally. Also in that year, another AFL was formed, but it also only lasted for two seasons.
Stability and growth in the NFL (1933-1969)
The 1930s were an important transition time for the NFL. The league's membership was liquid before the mid-1930s. 1936 was the first year in which there was no franchise movement, before that year 51 teams had died. In 1941, the NFL named its first commissioner, Elmer Layden. The new office replaces the President. Layden held the job for five years, before being replaced by Pittsburgh Steelers co-owner Bert Bell in 1946.
During World War II, lack of players caused the shrinking of the league as several teams folded and others joined. Among the short-lived combined teams were Steagles (Pittsburgh and Philadelphia) in 1943, Card-Pitts (Chicago Cardinals and Pittsburgh) in 1944, and a team formed from the merger of Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Yanks in 1945.
1946 is an important year in the history of professional soccer, because it was the year when the league was re-integrated. Los Angeles Rams signed two African American players, Kenny Washington and Woody Strode. Also that year, the competing league, the All American Football Conference (AAFC), started operations.
During the 1950s, additional teams entered the league. In 1950, AAFC folded, and three teams from the league were absorbed into the NFL: the Cleveland Browns (who have won the AAFC Championship every year of league existence), the San Francisco 49ers, and the Baltimore Colts (not the same as the modern franchise, this version is folded after one year). The remaining players were selected by 13 NFL teams now in the dispersed draft. Also in 1950, the Los Angeles Rams became the first team to broadcast the entire schedule, marking the beginning of an important relationship between television and professional football. In 1952, Dallas Texans died, became the last NFL franchise to do so. The following year a new Baltimore Colts franchise was formed to take over the assets of the Texans. The players union, known as the NFL Players Association, was formed in 1956.
Largest Game Ever Played
At the end of the 1958 NFL season, the Baltimore Colts and the New York Giants met at Yankee Stadium to determine the league champions. Anchovy
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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