In broadcasting, the term extinction refers to a television broadcast or a non-broadcast radio broadcast in a particular media market.
This is very common in broadcasting sporting events, although other television or radio programs may faint as well. Most extinguishing policies serve to protect local broadcasters (especially regional sports networks) from competition with "off-market" networks that bring different teams, allowing viewers only to watch non-national television broadcasts within their designated markets (with television providers Blackening regional television broadcasts from teams outside their market, in turn, encouraging viewers to purchase subscription-based off-market sports packages), and by allowing teams to broadcast a nationwide broadcast of games also shown by local broadcaster players radio. In contrast, the blackout policy in the National Football League aims to encourage the presence of the game - by simply allowing them to be broadcast on television in a market determined by the team if a certain percentage of their tickets are sold before the game.
The term is also used in connection with situations where programming is removed or replaced in international feeds from television services, as broadcasters have no territorial rights to broadcast programs outside their home country.
Video Blackout (broadcasting)
Kanada
Pemilihan federal
Probably the most famous non-sports blackout on television is the blackout of Canada's federal election vote. Because there are six time zones across Canada, polls close in different parts of the country at different times. Section 329 of the Canadian Electoral Law prohibits the dissemination of election results from other appointments in electoral areas where polls are still open, as if to prevent the outcome of the East affecting voters in the western region.
However, in a federal election in 2000, Paul Charles Bryan published results from Atlantic Canada online despite being not notified by the authorities. Bryan was indicted in front of the British Columbia Provincial Court, but opposed the charge as unconstitutional under section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, which protects freedom of expression and freedom of association. Bryan's victory before the British Columbia Supreme Court meant that voters in other British Columbia and Canada were legally aware of election results in other appointments during federal elections in 2004. However, the Canadian Elections were appealed, and Bryan lost his case before the British Columbia Appeals Court. Bryan appealed further to the Supreme Court of Canada, but in a decision made on March 15, 2007 (RV Bryan ), in a 5-4 ruling, the Court ruled that Section 329 of the Canadian Electoral Law is constitutional and justified under section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom. Stephen Harper, who later became Prime Minister, labeled the Elections Canada "jackasses" and tried to raise money for Bryan. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation also supports Bryan, hoping to "make the election night as a larger existing event".
Prior to the 2000 election, the Canadian election moved to reduce the effects of power outages and the influence of unauthorized knowledge of election results in Western ridings by changing the time of the close polls, so the polls are no longer near the same local time across the country. The poll in Atlantic Canada closes at 9 pm. Atlantic (9:30 in Newfoundland), poll from Alberta to Quebec near an hour later (9:00 am Eastern, 8 am Central and 7 pm Mountain) and finally, polls in British Columbia closed one hour after that (7:00 am Pacific). Historically, election results are often not known for certain up to more than an hour after the poll closes in the Eastern Time Zone, but are usually known within two hours of closing of this poll.
The provincial elections are not subject to blackout restrictions - in provinces that have two time zones, most of the population lives in one time zone or another. Electoral law in these provinces stipulates that all polls must close at the same time - this time always being 8:00 pm. (or 9:00 am in Ontario starting with the 2007 provincial elections) in the majority time zone.
On August 17, 2011, Canadian Electoral Elections Chair Marc Mayrand suggested improving the voting system to Parliament; among them proposals to remove blackout rules, citing extended use of social media to disseminate results beyond radio and television. Mayrand stated that "the increasing use of social media is not only questioning the practical validity of the rules, but also the clarity and usefulness in a world where the distinction between personal communication and public transmission is rapidly eroding.The time has come for Parliament to consider revoking the current rules." On January 13, 2012, it was announced that the federal government would introduce laws that would repeal the blackout rules, citing increased social media usage. The blackout rule was officially lifted in October 2015, before Canada's 2015 federal election. & Lt;
CFL
The Canadian Football League's Constitution provides an option for teams to complete matches in their home markets to encourage attendance; at one point, the CFL required the game to be blackened within a 120 kilometer (75 mi) radius surrounding the nearest over-the-air signal carrying game, or 56 kilometers (35 mi) of stadium for cable broadcasts (and, for the Roughriders of Saskatchewan, the whole province ).
This policy received significant criticism in 2002, when the Hamilton Tiger-Cats decision to enforce a power outage in a highly anticipated match against the Toronto Argonauts caused it to be dispelled throughout the Greater Toronto Area and most of Southern Ontario. Damage to collateral is criticized, as the game is highly anticipated for playoff implications, and the range of blackouts is considered too broad for the market.
Under the 2008-2013 league contract with TSNs, teams are given limitations on the amount of power cuts they can do per season (with varying amounts based on media reports and CFLs, ranging from 2 for Hamilton and Toronto, and 5 for teams in Western Canada) and the final decision is assigned to the league if at least 90% of the tickets are sold out within 48 hours of the game. Although the CFL stated that the current league contract with TSN (which began in 2014) allows blackouts, they are rarely used, if not at all.
NHL
As in the US, National Hockey League matches that are not scheduled to be aired nationwide by Sportsnet or TVA Sports are broadcast by regional feeds of either Sportsnet, TSN or RDS (France), and are blacked out for viewers outside of the team's home market. The four Sportsnet regional feeds correspond to each of the markets designated by the NHL team; The Ontario and Pacific feeds are aimed at Toronto Maple Leafs, and Vancouver Canucks, while Sportsnet West and its associated markets (which include all Alberta and Saskatchewan) are shared by Edmonton Oilers and Calgary Flames. Although West is also the main bait for the Manitoba game, the blackened Flames and Oilers out there to protect the Winnipeg Jets. In August 2014, TSN also had the same structure, with the Ottawa Senators on TSN5 (East), Maple Leafs on TSN4 (Ontario), and Jets at TSN3 (Manitoba and Saskatchewan). Montreal Canadiens was added in 2017 on TSN2 (originally promoted as a secondary national channel). The Canadiens and Senators share the same market, which includes parts of East Ontario (especially the Ottawa Valley), and the entire Quebec and Atlantic Canada, while Saskatchewan is shared by Jets, Flames, and Oilers.
Until 2014-15, all Canadian French-language Montreal Canadian broadcasts are available nationwide in RDS, formerly a NHL French-national rights holder in Canada. Because RDS, until 2011, the only French-language cable channel in Canada, this team has separate territorial rights agreements and allows all its games to be broadcast as part of a national package. In the 2014-15 season, Quebecor Media and TVA Sports are the national copyright holders of France as part of a sub-license agreement with Rogers Communications. RDS negotiated a 12-year deal with the team for regional rights to Canadiens: the game is now disclosed for viewers outside of Quebec, Atlantic Canada, and parts of East Ontario.
Out-of-market games can be viewed using NHL Center Ice and Rogers NHL Live subscription-based services, although in-market games are blackened out of both services to protect local broadcasters. Rogers NHL Live allows streaming teams within the market if users authenticate themselves as subscribers to Sportsnet and/or TSN.
Internet television
Many programs run on Internet television in other parts of the world are not available in Canada because Canada's major broadcast network secures their rights and prevents Internet television aggregators, one of the foremost examples of Hulu, from distributing it in Canada. The National Football League, for example, sells worldwide internet broadcast rights to Thursday Night Football game packs during the 2016 to Twitter season; However, Rogers Media forced Twitter to block the flow in Canada for holding the rights to terrestrial television in the country. Many organizations have attempted to establish a solution that routes Canadian Internet traffic through the United States, an aggregate solution such as Netflix has been actively fighting against.
Maps Blackout (broadcasting)
United Kingdom
Associate Football
The UK premier league soccer association imposes a blackout period between 2:45 pm. and 5:15 pm on Saturday, where no live football matches are aired on television. This applies to all matches, regardless of whether they are domestic or international competition. A game that starts inside the window can join in the process after the blackout window ends.
This policy is supposed to encourage fans to attend soccer games in private, especially in lower divisions (whose presence may be matched by the availability of competing games on television). This practice dates from the 1960s; Burnley F.C. Chairman Bob Lord opposes the television football game broadcast - going so far as to forbid the BBC to broadcast Match of the Day from Burnley for a while. He encouraged the Football League to adopt this attitude as an organization-wide policy; since it has been adopted by the FA and the current Premier League (which broke away from the Football League in the 1990s to become the highest level of club football in the UK). The affected match can still be broadcast internationally, so more Premier League matches may be displayed outside the UK by other copyright holders from within. This complexity creates a "gray market" to get broadcasts from alternative sources, such as foreign satellite providers or unofficial online streaming services. The Premier League and other stakeholders have historically considered this practice a copyright infringement of the broadcast, Critics, including Juliane Kokott, argue that this rule is out of date, because its objectives are hindered - especially in the Premier League - by the high demand for some publicly available tickets , and that there is little evidence that television broadcasts really affect attendance.
To retain the value of its domestic rights and allow more games to be broadcast on television, the Premier League starts adding more games outside the blackout window, such as on weekdays and Sundays - including the last match day of the season.
United States
MLB/NHL termination policy
Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League have very similar blackout rules. Unlike the National Football League, game outages have nothing to do with presence, but are applied to protect broadcasters by contracts for air games. Unless national broadcasters like Fox or ESPN have exclusive rights to certain regular season games (as they do on Sunday nights), local game announcers (such as the Fox Sports regional network for example) have priority over national broadcasters - if Fox Sports 1, MLB Network, or TBS shows a game that is also aired by local broadcasters, the national feed will faint at the market where local broadcasters also show coverage. The blackout rule does not apply during postseason, since Fox and TBS hold exclusive rights to all games, and no regional television broadcasts.
In the 2014 MLB season, ESPN coverage of Monday and Wednesday night games is allowed to work with regional broadcasters, and thus no longer have to faint in the participating teams market.
NHLs use a similar policy of exclusive and non-exclusive national games; NBCSN has an exclusive national window on Wednesday night, and NBC's broadcast network usually shows Sunday-afternoon games during the latter part of the season, along with other marquee games like Thanksgiving Showdown (held on Fridays after Thanksgiving) and outdoor games NHL Winter Classic and Stadium Series. Usually, no other games involving the US team are scheduled to occur at the same time. NHL Network and NBCSN usually broadcast non-exclusive national games outside this window that faint in the participating teams market to protect local broadcasts. All the matches in the first round of the Stanley Cup playoffs, beyond those aimed at NBC's exclusive broadcast, are non-exclusive national games. Since 2017, they can now co-exist with national broadcasts on NBCUniversal and NHL Network cable channels.
Out-of-market games can be viewed using MLB Extra Innings, MLB.tv, NHL Center Ice, and NHL.tv services, though games in the market are blackened from the four services to protect local broadcasters, and they do not offer games broadcast nationally.
Radio outage
In Major League Baseball, there is no radio outage. However, over the years, radio networks of two ballclubs participating in the World Series are not allowed to air, forcing major stations, if they want to broadcast the Series, to simulate network broadcasts.
For example, while the flagship Boston Red Sox is WHDH and St. Louis Cardinals main station KMOX both broadcast World Series 1967, both stations must broadcast Radio NBC Network along with Boston's WCOP and St. Louis's KSD, NBC Radio's nominal affiliates in those cities.
This changed after 1980, when Philadelphia Phillies fans were upset that they could not hear their popular broadcasting team Harry Kalas and Richie Ashburn call the team's run to the title. Since then, only the main stations of the two participating ballbubs that can come from the reach, despite their broadcasts, as well as the UK and Spanish national broadcasts, are also available on Sirius XM. The main station should mention the sponsors who are present from the national ESPN Radio broadcasts as sponsors of their own team broadcast during the World Series (in 2016 this is AutoZone). All other network affiliates from both clubs must bring feedback from MLB's national partners (currently ESPN Radio). If other ESPN Radio affiliates exist in the same market, the station may claim exclusivity, forcing the extinction of the team's affiliate network from carrying the game, although this is rarely done as a listeners pushback against ESPN Radio affiliates blocking local playback souvenirs will likely not can be maintained (eg in 2016, ESPN Radio O & amp; O WMVP in Chicago broadcast the national ESPN feed as expected, but did not take any action to block the official WSCR Cubs broadcasters from bringing local play-by-turns to point only mention the national coverage of their stations through promo in the national ESPN Radio program).
In addition, radio stations (including flagships) may not include MLB games on Internet streaming directly from their station programs. MLB itself offers radio feeds as payment services through league and team websites, together with being part of the monthly premium fee service of the TuneIn streaming provider. Some stations will only stream regularly scheduled station programs that are being prevented by the game.
NHL does not have radio outages for local broadcasting, although NBC Sports Radio broadcasts, similar to some cable broadcasts, are not performed in participating local markets.
NBA burnout policy
Prior to locking the NBA 1998-99, the NBA and WNBA were used to extinguish nationwide television on cable television within 35 miles (56 km) of the home team market; However, this is now limited to games on NBA TV, WatchESPN and other streaming providers.
NFL extinction policy
The NFL has been involved in various blackout policies to protect local ticket sales, and local copyright holders of certain games.
Extinction based on attendance
In NFL, any broadcasters with signals regarding any area within a 75-mile radius (121 km) of the NFL stadium may only broadcast a game if the game is a road game (also known as an away game), or if the game is sold out 72 hours or more before the start time for the game. If sold out in less than 72 hours, or almost sold out at the deadline, the team can sometimes request an extension. Furthermore, broadcasters with NFL contracts are required to show their market street games, even if the secondary market has a large fan base for other teams (such as in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, officially the Baltimore Ravens secondary market, but home to many Pittsburgh Steelers fans). Sometimes if a game is within a few hundred sales tickets, the announcer with the right to show an almost sold-out game will buy the remaining tickets (and give them to the local charity) so they can broadcast the game. Other teams choose to close part of their stadium, but can not sell these tickets for every game of the season if they choose to do so. As a result, if the home team's game is a Sunday game, the two networks can only air a game in that market (until 2000, this rule is applied regardless of whether the game is blocked out, however, this is altered because some markets are almost never aired doubleheaders as a result). Usually, but not always, when each network can only display one game in the market, two stations work among themselves which will show the start game and that will feature a late game. It only affects the primary market, and not the market within 75 miles (121 km), which always gets a doubleheader every Sunday. For NFL International Series, networks broadcasting International Series games will not make the game dark for the team market because this game is played outside the United States, however, some blackout rules remain in effect.
There are two exceptions to the rule, one never applied and the other no longer valid. The first is for the Green Bay Packers, which have two overlapping 75-mile blackouts - that surround the team stadiums in Green Bay and others around Milwaukee. The team's flagship radio station was in Milwaukee, and the Packers played part of their home schedule in Milwaukee from 1953 to 1994. However, this policy has never been applied in the Packers case, as they have sold out every home game in Green Bay since 1960 and has a seasonal waiting list for decades (games in Milwaukee are also sold out during this period). The second exceptions are for Toronto Series Bills; technically, Rogers Communications (team tenants) has all the tickets for those games and resells them to potential fans. Even when Rogers failed to sell all tickets, they were still technically defined as selling by the league because Rogers was said to have "bought" a ticket. The technique came into force for Toronto Series preseason games, and again for the last two regular season matches of this series. The Toronto Bills Series was canceled after the 2013 season, largely due to the lackluster presence.
NFL blackouts are considered to be detrimental to a team that is struggling financially. For example, most notably, the Los Angeles Rams can not sell their games at home during the last years of their original tenure in the city (except for the 1994 game against their rivals in Bundex, Raiders). So the next outage robs the potential revenue franchise and alienates the remaining fans. The Rams moved to St. Louis before the 1995 season (Raiders also left L.A., returning to their original home in Oakland, leaving Los Angeles without an NFL team until Rams returned to L.A. 21 years later).
In June 2012, a revised NFL blackout rule in which, for the first time in NFL history, home matches no longer require total sales to be broadcast locally; on the contrary, teams will be allowed to set benchmarks anywhere from 85 to 100 percent of non-premium stadium seats. Any seats sold outside the benchmark will experience a heavier revenue share. However, four teams, Buffalo Bills, Cleveland Browns, Indianapolis Colts and San Diego Fans, opted out of the new rules, as it will require the team to pay a higher percentage of the gateway fee to the NFL revenue fund.
In the 2015 NFL season, the league, after no matches were blackened at all in the 2014 season, opted to "suspend" the blackout policy as an experiment. Suspension continues into the 2016 season (a season that includes the return of the Rams to the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on a temporary basis until a new stadium in Hollywood Park is being built - the Memorial Coliseum has had an old problem with sold out NFL); commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league is needed to further investigate the impact of the removal of the blackout rules before the changes are made permanent. Suspended suspension continues into the 2017 NFL season as well (which sees the San Diego Chargers also moving to Los Angeles, temporarily using the 27,000-seat StubHub Center, specializing in football as a temporary place until the completion of the Hollywood Park stadium, which will be shared with the Rams.
Local simulcast exclusivity for wired gaming
Per NFL Policy, all games exclusively broadcast on cable channels, including ESPN's Monday Night Football and Football Thursday Night that are only featured on the NFL Network, are syndicated to the over- the-air in the team market involved, and faint on the cable channel to defend local broadcasts. The local market for these rights is defined as each station within a radius of 75 miles (121 km) from the stadium of each team.
The policy invited controversy in December 2007, when Hartford, Connecticut, a CBS affiliate, WFSB, denied permission to broadcast a local simulcast of the New England Patriots-New York Giants game on December 29, 2007. The game, which is part of Thursday Night Football package on the NFL Network, will see Patriots attempt to become the first NFL team since 1972 and expansion of the regular season to 16 matches, to complete an unbeaten regular season. At that time, the NFL Network was only available at the Comcast cable provider's sports level in the Patriots and Giants live viewing area. Senator John Kerry and Rep. Ed Markey, both from the state of Massachusetts and a fan of the Patriots team, wrote to the NFL as well as Comcast and Time Warner Cable, to request that the Patriots-Giants game be broadcasted at least on a base cable to reach the highest number of television viewing fans, citing "potentially historic "from this game. Kerry clarified next week that he did not intend to disrupt the current negotiations between cable operators and the NFL.
On December 19, 2007, representatives of Joe Courtney (D-CT) and other members of the Delegation of the Connecticut Congress wrote to NFL commissioner Roger Goodell to try to allow the NFL to allow broadcasting access to the game. As a result, on December 26, the NFL announced that the game would be airing nationally on CBS and NBC, in addition to WCVB-TV in Boston and WWOR-TV in Secaucus, New Jersey (part of the New York City market).
Although the NFL Network became more established, the goal of increasing the perceived profile of the Thursday Night Football package led the NFL to sub-license part of the game, and a joint production agreement for all of them, to CBS in the 2014 season.
Radio broadcast
For radio broadcasting, the NFL follows a policy similar to MLB. There is no radio outage, but only the main stations of each team can carry local broadcasts during the conference or Super Bowl championships. All other markets should bring the NFL feed to Westwood One for those games. For all other weeks, within 75 miles of the team stadium, only the team station or the contract of the parent station can carry the games, regardless of whether the team is home or away. Thus, any competing station that carries Westwood One broadcasts can not air the games. Like MLB, NFL makes local broadcasts (except for Tennessee Titans) available on NFL Game Pass service and Sirius Satellite Radio; as a result, radio stations carrying NFL games, from any source, and streaming on the Internet are prohibited from streaming online games, although these provisions seem to be loosely applied in some cases; The WBBM in Chicago routinely broadcasts the Chicago Bears live game via their Internet stream, just like WTMJ in Milwaukee with the Packers, even though both stations are switching to a desktop-specific streaming policy by 2015 due to the introduction of GamePass and the NFL's uptake of the Audio Pass Streaming System to Game Pass.
MLS
Major League Soccer applies local deletion rights to broadcast the following teams as part of MLS Direct Shot:
- Colorado Rapids
- D.C. Unite
- LA Galaxy
- Los Angeles FC
- New England Revolution
- New York Red Bulls
- FC New York City
Game availability
MLS Direct Kick contains MLS games coming from regional sports networks (RSN) or local over-the-air stations and delivering these games to customers who purchase this subscription. This game is not available to DirecTV customers because they are broadcast outside the customer's local area. Furthermore, MLS games that are featured nationwide on ESPN, ESPN2, UniMÃÆ'¡s and FOX are not included as part of this sports subscription.
Indianapolis 500
Television broadcasts from the Indianapolis 500 are usually discolored in the Indianapolis area to encourage central Indiana residents to attend the race. So WRTV, an ABC affiliate in Indianapolis, brought a tape-pending race in primetime instead.
In May 2016, when the year's edition was nearing discharged sales, Indianapolis Motor Speedway announced that it would consider stopping a power outage if all tickets were sold out. On May 25, 2016, it was officially announced that all tickets have been sold, and that the race will be aired live on the Indianapolis market for the first time since 1950. WRTV is still carrying a primetime encore.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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