Internet radio (also web radio , wireless radio , streaming radio , e-radio , IP radio , online radio ) is a digital audio service delivered over the Internet. Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting because it is not transmitted widely through wireless means. It can be used as a stand-alone device via the internet, or as a software that runs through a single computer system.
Internet radio is generally used to communicate and easily spread the message through the form of conversation. These are distributed over a wireless communication network connected to a packet network (internet) network through a disclosed source. '
Internet radio involves streaming media, presenting listeners with continuous audio streams that can not normally be stopped or replayed, such as traditional broadcast media; in this case, this is different from the presentation of the on-demand file. Internet radio is also different from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming.
Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music - any format available on traditional broadcast radio stations. Many Internet radio services are associated with appropriate radio stations or traditional terrestrial radio networks, although low initial and low costs have enabled a large proliferation of independent internet-only radio stations.
The first Internet radio service was launched in 1993. By 2017, the world's most popular Internet radio and app platforms include (but not limited to) TuneIn Radio, iHeartRadio, and Sirius XM.
Video Internet radio
Internet radio technology
Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world with available internet connections; one can, for example, listen to Australian stations from Europe and America. It has made internet radio very suitable and popular among foreign listeners. Nevertheless, some major networks such as TuneIn Radio, CBS Radio, Pandora Radio, iHeartRadio and Citadel Broadcasting (except for news/talk and sports stations) in the United States, and Chrysalis in the UK, restrict listening to music in the country due to music issues licensing and advertising.
Internet radio is also suitable for listeners with special interests, allowing users to choose from different stations and different genres that are rarely displayed on traditional radio.
Listen
Internet radio is usually heard on a standard home PC or similar device, through an embedded player program located on their respective station website. In recent years, special devices that resemble and offer listeners a similar experience to traditional radio receivers have arrived in the market.
Streaming
Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, usually using lossy audio codecs. Streaming audio formats include MP3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio, and HE-AAC (or aacPlus). Audio data continues to be transmitted serially (streamed) over a local or internet network in a TCP or UDP packet, then reassembled in the receiver and played one or two seconds later. This delay is called a lag, and is introduced at several stages of digital audio broadcasting.
Simulation
The local tuner simulation program includes all the online radio that can also be heard in the air in the city.
Maps Internet radio
Popularity
In 2003, revenue from online music streaming radio was US $ 49 million. In 2006, that number rose to US $ 500 million. The February 21, 2007 survey of 3,000 Americans released by Bridge Ratings & amp; Research "found that" [a] as many as 19% of US consumers 12 and older listen to web-based radio stations. "In other words, there are" about 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More and more people are listening to online radio rather than satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts or mobile phone-based radios. "The Arbitron survey in April 2008 showed that, in the US, more than one in seven people aged 25-54 listen to the radio online every week.In 2008, 13 percent of the American population listened to online radio, compared to 11 percent in 2007. Internet radio functionality is also built into many specialized Internet radio devices, which provide the user experience of FM receivers.
In the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2012, Pandora, TuneIn Radio, iHeart Radio, and other free and subscription-based Internet radio services accounted for nearly a quarter (23 percent) of the average listening time of weekly music among consumers between the ages of 13 and 35 , an increase from the 17 percent share of the previous year.
When listening to Internet radio is increasing among the 13 to 35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, which now accounts for 24 percent of music listening time, down 2 percentage points. In the age group of 36 and older, on the contrary, internet radio only accounts for 13 percent of listening to music, while AM ​​/FM radio dominates the listening method with a 41 percent share.
Currently, 47% of all Americans age 12 and older - about 124 million people - say they have listened to online radio last month, while 36% (94 million people) have been listening in the past week. These numbers are up from 45% and 33%, respectively, in 2013. The average amount of time spent listening increased from 11 hours, 56 minutes per week in 2013 to 13 hours 19 minutes in 2014. it is expected that the number of uses is much higher for teenagers and young adults, with 75% of Americans ages 12-24 listening to online radio last month, compared with 50% of Americans aged 25-54 and 21% of Americans 55. Weekly numbers for the same age group were 64%, 37% and 13%, respectively. By 2015, it was noted that 53% of Americans, or 143 million people, aged 12 and up currently listening to Internet radio.
Freedom of broadcast
Some stations, such as Primordial Radio, use Internet radio as a platform as opposed to other means such as FM or DAB, as it gives greater freedom to broadcast as they wish, without being subject to regulatory bodies such as Ofcom in the UK. For example, Ofcom has very strict rules about presenters that support product and product placement; being their internet radio station is free from these obstacles.
History
Internet radio pioneered by Carl Malamud. In 1993, Malamud launched "Internet Talk Radio", which was "the first radio-talk show, interviewing a computer expert every week". The first Internet concert was aired on June 24, 1993, by the band Severe Tire Damage. In November 1994, a Rolling Stones concert was "the first major virtual multicast concert." Mick Jagger opened the concert by saying, "I want to say a special welcome to everyone who, uh, goes up to the Internet tonight and, uh, has gone to M-bone, and I hope that does not all collapse."
On November 7, 1994, WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA) became the first traditional radio station announcing broadcasting on the Internet. WXYC uses the FM radio connected to the system on SunSite, later known as Ibiblio, running Cornell CU-SeeMe software. WXYC began testing broadcasting and bandwidth testing in early August 1994. WREK (91.1 FM, Atlanta, GA USA) started streaming on the same day using their own custom software called CyberRadio1. However, unlike WXYC, this is a beta release of WREK and no advertised streams until later date.
On December 3, 1994, KJHK 90.7 FM, a campus radio station located in Lawrence, Kansas, at the University of Kansas, became one of the first radio stations in the world to broadcast live and ongoing streaming over Internet radio. The Time Magazine says RealAudio takes the "advantage of recent advancements in digital compression" and delivered "AM-quality radio sound in what's called real time." Finally, companies like Nullsoft and Microsoft release streaming audio players as free downloads. When audio player software becomes available, "many Web-based radio stations are starting to emerge."
In 1995, Scott Bourne founded NetRadio.com as the world's first Internet radio network. NetRadio.com is a pioneer in Internet radio. This is the first Internet-only network to be licensed by ASCAP. NetRadio finally went to IPO in October 1999. Most Internet radio providers today follow NetRadio.com's path in digital media. In March 1996, Virgin Radio - London became the first European radio station to broadcast its program live on the Internet. It broadcasts its FM signal, lives from its source, simultaneously on the Internet 24 hours a day. On May 1, 1997, Radio306.com (now Pure Rock Radio) was launched in Saskatoon, Canada. The purerockradio.net internet station celebrates 20 years in the air by 2017 as Canada's longest internet station.
Internet radio attracted significant media and investor attention in the late 1990s. In 1998, initial public share offerings for Broadcast.com set a record at the time for the biggest price spike in stock deals in the United States. The offer price was US $ 18 and the company's stock opened at US $ 68 on the first day of trading. The company lost money at the time and was indicated in the prospectus filed with the Securities Exchange Commission that it expects the loss to continue indefinitely. Yahoo! bought Broadcast.com on July 20, 1999, for US $ 5.7 billion.
With the advent of RealAudio stream over HTTP, streaming becomes more accessible to a number of radio shows. One such show, TechEdge Radio in 1997, was broadcast in three formats - live on the radio, directly from the RealAudio server and streamed from the web via HTTP.In 1998, the longest running Internet radio show, > The Vinyl Lounge , started netcasting from Sydney, Australia, from the first Internet radio station in Australia, NetFM (www.netfm.net). In 1999, Telco Australia "Telstra" launched The Basement Internet Radio Station but then closed in 2003 because it was not a viable business for the company.
From 2000 onwards, most internet radio stations improved their streaming quality as bandwidth became more economical. Currently, most streaming stations between 64 kbit/s and 128 kbit/s provide CD-quality audio. In 2017, the Radio Garden mobile app, a research project from the Dutch Institute for Sound and Vision, streamed some 8,000 radio stations to a global audience.
US royalty controversy
In October 1998, the US Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), one result being performance royalties to be paid for satellite radio and internet radio broadcasts in addition to royalty issuance. In contrast, traditional radio broadcasters pay only royalties and no performance royalties.
A grumbling dispute ensued over how royalty performance should be assessed for Internet broadcasters. Some observers say the proposed royalty rate is too burdensome and is meant to harm an Internet-only independent station - that "while Internet giants like AOL might be able to afford new rates, many small internet radio stations have to be shut down." The Digital Media Association (DiMA) even large companies, such as Yahoo! Music, may fail due to the proposed tariff. Some observers say that some US-based Internet broadcasts may be moved to foreign jurisdictions where US royalties do not apply.
Many of these critics organized SaveNetRadio.org, "a coalition of listeners, artists, labels, and webcasters" against the proposed royalty rate. To focus on the consequences of an upcoming interest rate hike, many US Internet broadcasters participated in the "Day of Silence" on June 26, 2007. On that day, they turned off their audio stream or streamed an ambient sound, sometimes punctuated by a short public. service announcements voiced, written and produced by popular voiceover artist Dave Solomon. Notable participants include Rhapsody, Live365, MTV, Pandora, Digital Imported and SHOUTcast.
Some broadcasters did not participate, such as Last.fm, which was recently purchased for US $ 280 million by CBS Music Group. According to an employee of Last.fm, they can not participate because participation "may interfere with ongoing licensing negotiations."
SoundExchange, which represents supporters of the royalty rate increase, points out that the rates are flat from 1998 to 2005 (see above), without an increase to reflect the increased cost of living. They also stated that if internet radio is to build a business from recording products, the players and the record owners must receive fair compensation.
On May 1, 2007, SoundExchange reached an agreement with a large number of webcasters regarding minimum fees that have been modified by the determination of the Royalty Copyright Board. While the CRB decision imposed $ 500 per station or channeled minimum fees for all webcasters, some webcasters represented through DiMA negotiated $ 50,000 "stamp" on the fee with SoundExchange. However, DiMA and SoundExchange continue to negotiate over per song, per listener fee.
SoundExchange also offers alternative rates and requirements for certain qualified small webcaster, allowing them to calculate their royalties as a percentage of their revenue or expenses, not on a per performance level. To be eligible, webcasters must have revenue of less than US $ 1.25 million per year and deliver less than 5 million "hours of listening" a month (or an average of 6830 listeners in unison). This restriction will disqualify independent webcasts such as AccuRadio, Digitally Imported, Club977 and others from participating in offers, and therefore many small commercial webcasters continue to negotiate settlement with SoundExchange.
The article August 16, 2008, The Washington Post reports that although Pandora is "one of the most popular Web radio services in the country, with about 1 million listeners every day... growing companies may be on the brink of collapse "due to the structure of performance royalty payments for webcasters. "Traditional radio, on the other hand, does not pay such fees, satellite radio pays a fee but with a lighter rate, at least with some measure." The article shows that "other Web radio clothing" may be "cursed" for the same reason.
On September 30, 2008, the United States Congress passed a bill "that would impose any change at the royalty rate at which [record labels and web casters] agree while the MPs leave the session." Although royalty rates are expected to decline, many webcasters continue to predict the difficulty of generating enough revenue to cover their royalty payments.
In January 2009, the US Copyright Board announced that "it will apply royalties to streamline revenue-based net services." Since then, websites like Pandora Radio, AccuRadio, Mog, 8tracks, and recently Google Music have changed the way people discover and listen to music.
The Web Settlement Act Act of 2009 ends in January 2016, ending a 10-year period in which smaller online radio stations Live365 among them can pay royalties to the label. On January 31, 2016, webcasters governed by the rules adopted by the Royalty Copyright Board are required to pay to SoundExchange a non-refundable minimum annual fee of $ 500 per channel and station, fees for services with more than 100 stations or channels being $ 50,000 per year.
See also
References
Further reading
- "VOA: First on the Internet," by Chris Kern (2006)
- Priestman, Chris (2001). Web Radio: Radio Production for Internet Streaming . Press Fokal. ISBN: 978-0-240-51635-6.
- Stockment, Andrew (2009). "Internet Radio: The Case for the Royalty Neutral Standard Technology". Virginia Law Review . 95 (8) . Retrieved March 17, 2015 .
- Villasenor, John (2012). "Digital Music Broadcast Royalty: Case for Playing Field Level" (PDF) . Issues in Technological Innovation . 19 . Retrieved March 17, 2015 .
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DiCola, Peter. "Copyright Right: Free Speech, Efficiency, and Parity Regulations in Distribution" (PDF) . Boston University Legal Review . 93 (6) . Retrieved March 17, 2015 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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