The history of ballooning , both with hot air and gas, stretches for centuries. It includes many firsts, including the first human flight, the first flight across the English Channel, the first flight in North America, and the first aircraft-related disaster.
Video History of ballooning
Pramodern and unmanned balloons
Popular unmanned balloon in Chinese history. Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han kingdom, in the era of the Three Kingdoms (about 220-280 AD) used an air lantern for military signaling. This lantern is known as Kongming lantern (???).
It has been shown that manned balloons can be built using ancient materials. Although there are no direct documentaries or archaeological evidence that every manned or unmanned flight before being discussed below takes place using this method, Ege notes an indirect report of evidence that China "solved the problem of air navigation" using balloons, hundreds of years before. 18th century. The Mongolian army studied Kongming lanterns from China and used them in the Battle of Legnica during the Mongol invasion of Poland. This is the first time a balloon is known in the western world.
The first documented balloon flight in Europe was by Brazilian-Portuguese priest Bartolomeu de GusmÃÆ'Â £ o. On August 8, 1709, in Lisbon, Bartolomeu de GusmÃÆ'Â oo managed to lift a small balloon made of paper full of hot air about four meters in front of King JohnÃ, V and the Portuguese court. According to the Portuguese-speaking community, this is "the earliest recorded balloon flight model".
Maps History of ballooning
First hydrogen bubble
After Robert Boyle's Boyle's Law was published in 1662, and Henry Cavendish's 1766 work on hydrogen, Joseph Black proposed that if the gas element filled the balloon, the rising object could rise into the air. Jacques Charles, who studied gases causing his voluminous laws, has studied the works of Cavendish, Black, and Tiberius Cavallo, and also thinks that hydrogen can lift balloons.
Jacques Charles designed the balloon, and Robert brothers built a lightweight and airtight gas bag. Barthà © à © lÃÆ'Ã… © Faujas de Saint-Fond organizes subscriptions that are funded by many to finance the projects of the brothers. Roberts dissolves the rubber in a turpentine solution, by which they beautify the silk sheets sewn together, to make the main envelope. They use red and white silk pieces, but the rubber varnishes turn white silk.
Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers began filling the world's first hydrogen balloon on 23 August 1783, at Place des Victoires, Paris. The balloon is relatively small, the ball is 35 cubic meters of rubber silk (about 13 feet in diameter), and only able to lift about 9 kg. It is filled with hydrogen that has been made by pouring nearly a quarter of a ton of sulfuric acid into half a ton of scrap metal. Hydrogen gas is introduced into the envelope through a lead pipe; because it does not pass through the cold water, the gas is hot when it is produced, and then contracted while cooled in a balloon, causing great difficulty in filling the balloon completely. The daily progress bulletin was issued on inflation, attracting a crowd that became so large, that on the 26th balloon was moved quietly at night to the Champ de Mars (now the Eiffel Tower site), a distance of 4 kilometers. On August 27, 1783, the balloon was released; Benjamin Franklin among the crowd.
The balloon flew north for 45 minutes, chased by hunters on horseback, and landed 21 kilometers away in the village of Gonesse where feared local farmers assaulted it with pitchforks and knives, and destroyed it.
First unmanned flight
On June 5, 1783, the Montgolfier brothers first publicly demonstrated an unmanned, 35-foot (11 m) unmanned aerial balloon. On September 19, 1783, their balloon Aerostat RÃ © © veillon was flown with the first (nonhuman) living creature in a basket attached to a balloon: a sheep called Montauciel ("Climb-to-the-sky "), a duck and a rooster. The sheep are believed to have a reasonable estimate of human physiology. The duck was not expected to be hurt as it was lifted up. It is entered as a control for effects created by the plane rather than height. Rooster is included as a further control because the bird does not fly at high altitudes. This demonstration was performed before the crowd at the royal court at Versailles, before King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. The flight lasted about eight minutes, took two miles (3 km), and gained a height of about 1,500 feet (460 m). The plane landed safely after flying.
First manned flight
The first clear example of a balloon carrying passengers (human) using hot air to produce buoyancy and built by the brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier in Annonay, France. These brothers come from paper-making families and have seen ash rising on paper flames. The Montgolfier brothers gave their first public demonstration of their discovery on June 4, 1783. After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals, the first balloon flight was moored with humans on board on October 19, 1783 with scientist Jean -FranÃÆ'§ois PilÃÆ' Â ¢ tre de Rozier, manufacturing manager, Jean-Baptiste RÃÆ' Â © veillon and Giroud de Villette, at Folie Titon in Paris.
The first unmanned, free flight with human passengers on November 21, 1783. King Louis XVI initially determined that the condemned villain would be the first pilot, but de Rozier, together with the Marquis FranÃÆ'§§ois d 'Arlandes, successfully petitioned for that honor. For this occasion the diameter of the balloon rises to nearly 50 feet with a smoky fire draped under the neck of a balloon placed in an iron basket, it can be controlled and recharged by balloons. Within 25 minutes, the two men traveled more than five miles. Sufficient fuel stays on the board at the end of the flight to allow the balloon to fly four to five times farther, but the burning embers from the fire threaten to swallow the balloon and people decide to land as soon as they are above the open countryside..
News about balloon flight spread quickly. In December 1783 Goethe wrote to a friend about Wilhelm Heinrich Sebastian Bucholz's attempt at Weimar "to master the art of Montgolfier". The pioneering work of the Montgolfier brothers in developing air balloons was recognized by a type of balloon named MontgolfiÃÆ'¨re after them.
First manned hydrogen balloon flight
Only a few days later, at 1:45 pm on December 1, 1783, professors Jacques Charles and Robert Brothers ( Les FrÃÆ'¨¨res Robert ) launched a new manned hydrogen balloon from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris, in the middle great crowd and excitement. The balloon was held by rope and headed to the final launch site by the four leading nobles in France, Marechal de Richelieu, Marshal de Biron, Bailli de Suffren, and Duke of Chaulnes. Jacques Charles was accompanied by Nicolas-Louis Robert as a 380-meter cubic balloon co-pilot, containing hydrogen. The envelope is equipped with a hydrogen release valve, and is covered with a net from which the basket is suspended. Sand bales are used to control altitude. They climbed to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) and landed at sunset at Nesles-la-Vallà © ne after a 2-hour and 5-minute flight covering 36 km. The horse hunters, led by Duc de Chartres, held the plane while Charles and Robert perched.
Charles then decided to ride again, but alone this time because the balloon had lost some of its hydrogen. This time he climbed quickly to a height of about 3,000 meters), where he saw the sun again. He began to suffer pain in his ears so he 'valved' to release the gas, and came down to the ground gently about 3 km away on Tour du Lay. Unlike the Robert brothers, Charles never flew again, though the balloon used hydrogen to pick it up then called Charliè¨re to honor it.
Charles and Robert brought barometers and thermometers to measure air pressure and temperature, making it not only the first manned hydrogen flight, but also the first balloon flight that provided atmospheric meteorological measurements above the Earth's surface.
It was reported that 400,000 spectators watched the launch, and that hundreds of people had paid one crown each to help finance the construction and receive access to the 'special enclosure' for a "close-up view" of take-off. Among the 'special scope' crowd is Benjamin Franklin, the United States diplomatic representative. Also present was Joseph Montgolfier, who was respected by Charles by asking him to release a small bright green pilot balloon to assess wind and weather conditions.
Further milestones
The next big challenge is flying across the English Channel, a feat achieved on 7 January 1785 by Jean-Pierre Blanchard.
The first airplane disaster occurred in May 1785 when the town of Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland suffered serious damage when a balloon collision resulted in a fire that burned about 100 homes, making this city the home of the world's first aviation disaster. To this day, the shield of the city depicts the phoenix rising from the ashes.
Blanchard went on to create the first manned balloon flight in America on January 10, 1793. His hydrogen-filled balloon was released from the prison yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The flight reached 5,800 feet (1,770m) and landed in Gloucester County, New Jersey. President George Washington was among the observing guests taking off.
Gas balloons became the most common type from 1790 to 1960s.
Balonists are looking for ways to control the direction of the balloon. The first steerable balloon (also known as a balloon) was flown by Henri Giffard in 1852. Powered by a steam engine, it was too slow to be effective. As heavier than air flights, internal combustion engines make balloons - especially hot air balloons - practically, starting in the late 19th century. In 1872, Paul Haenlein flew the first internal combustion-powered balloon (tethered). The first to fly in an unpowered aircraft powered by an internal combustion engine was Alberto Santos Dumont in 1898.
On July 3, 2002, Steve Fossett became the first person to fly around the world alone, non-stop, in any type of plane, with a hot air balloon. He launched the Spirit of Freedom balloon from Northam, Western Australia on June 19, 2002 and returned to Australia on July 3, 2002, after which it landed in Queensland. The duration and distance of this solo balloon flight is 13 days, 8 hours, 33 minutes (14 days 19 hours 50 minutes to land), 20,626.48 kilometers (33,195,10 km). Trips set a record number for balloons: Fastest (200 miles per hour (320 km/h), breaking the previous record of 166 miles per hour (270 km/h)), Fastest Worldwide (13.5 days), Longest Distance Flying Solo in Balloons (20,482.26 mi (32,963.00 km)), and 24-Hour Balloon Distance (3,186.80 mi (5,128.66 km) on 1 July).
Ballooning in the British Isles
The first manned balloon flight in The British isles was by James Tytler on August 27, 1784. Tytler flew his balloon from Abbeyhill to Restalrig, then a suburb of Edinburgh. He flew for ten minutes at a height of 350 feet.
The first manned balloon flight in the UK was by Signor Vincent Lunardi who climbed from Moorfields (London) on September 15, 1784. The first English lady to board was Letitia Ann Sage, who boarded one of Lunardi's balloons in June 1785.
Jean-Pierre Blanchard and Jeffries flew from Dover to Calais in 1785.
In the same year, Mr. Arnold climbed from St Georges Fields (London), but descended on the River Thames, and Major John Money (1752-1817) took off from Norwich, in an effort to raise money for Norfolk and Norwich Hospitals. He passed Lowestoft at 6 pm and dropped about 18 miles (29 km) to the North Sea and was rescued by an income cutter about five hours later.
The first ascent in Ireland came from Ranelagh Gardens in Dublin in 1785 by Richard Crosbie.
James Sadler made many flights in England, but on October 9, 1812 he was down at sea and rescued near Holyhead. His son, Windham Sadler died when falling from a balloon in 1825. Lieutenant Harris was killed falling from a balloon on May 25, 1824.
Charles Green and others made a number of climbs in London between 1821 and 1852. His first ascent was on July 19, 1821. He claimed that in May 1828 he actually carried his horse with him but this was disputed, and the public had to wait until July 1850 when he moved from Vauxhall Gardens with a little horse as his "horse". Further efforts were made in France until Madame Poitevin took off from Cremorne Gardens in London in August 1852, as "Europa on a Bull" (the bull dressed as a bit nervous "Zeus") but this led to allegations of animal cruelty, police cases, dilemmas diplomatic and general public outrage after that no animals are used.
In 1836, the balloon "Royal Vauxhall" used as a pleasure balloon at Vauxhall Gardens was used by Charles Green with two crew and after 18 hours safely down at Weilburg in Duchy of Nassau Germany, set an unbeaten record until 1907.
Robert Cocking, an artist, designed a parachute based on Garnerin's prototype (where he had extraordinary faith) and climbed into a balloon from Vauxhall (London) on July 24, 1837 to about 1500m. The parachute failed to open properly and Cocking was killed.
Military use
The first military use of aircraft in Europe occurred during the French Revolutionary War, when France used a tethered hydrogen balloon to observe the movements of Austrian soldiers during the Battle of Fleurus (1794).
In 1811 Franz Leppich went to Napoleon and claimed that he could build a hydrogen balloon that would allow the French to attack from the air. Napoleon then ordered that he be expelled from the French Territory. In 1812 the Russian secret service obtained Leppich Passports under the name Schmidt and then he and a secretive undercover went to Moscow to Count Rostopchin. Near Moscow, "Werft" was founded and with about 50 other German-speaking mechanics, and he began to build "air raids". When balloons are finally tried, they work but can not move against the wind. Leppich did his last job after the Moscow burning, in this case about a year longer by St. Petersburg and then he goes to Germany again. There he worked on the subject until 1817. In 1818 he received a patent in his name and his brothers in Vienna to make nails with a blow.
In the Tolstoy novel War and Peace Count PyÃÆ'³tr KirÃÆ'llovich BezÃÆ'ºkhov (Pierre) traveled to see this balloon even though he did not see it. Tolstoy also included a letter from Emperor Alexander I to Count Rostopchin on balloons.
The French Emperor Napoleon III used the observation balloon corps, led by EugÃÆ'¨ne Godard, for airborne reconnaissance on the battlefield both in the French-Austrian war of 1859, and in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Paris.
Hot air balloons were used during the American Civil War. The military balloon used by the Union Army Balloon Corps under Prof.'s command. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe is a limp, silk envelope pumped with coal gas (city gas) or hydrogen.
20th century
During World War II, a large number of balloons were inflated over the city of London in an attempt to block the Luftwaffe airstrikes during the Battle of Britain. Whatever its effectiveness, they are a cheap defense but do not stop the heavy damage inflicted on the people of London during the Blitz, possibly because Heinkel He's bomber is flying too high. Nevertheless, about 231 V-1 flying bombs were destroyed.
In the early and mid-20th century, hydrogen balloons were used extensively in top atmospheric research in projects such as Osoaviakhim-1, the Stratobowl launch, the Manhigh Project, and the Strato-Lab Project. A series of gains set a number of high altitude records before the space flight ballooned in an effort. When governments lose interest in manned balloons, civilians continue to strive to make notes, especially for long distances, and to achieve the "first" sign (such as Double Eagle II and Breitling Orbiter 3 (first to circumnavigate the globe).
Despite the elevation of high-flying balloons, they are more likely to be more adventurous than researchers.
Modern day
Modern hot air balloon, with a more sophisticated heat source from the hot charcoal basket of Montgolfier brothers, was spearheaded by Ed Yost which began in the 1950s that produced its first successful flight on October 22, 1960. The first modern day balloon to be built in the United Kingdom (UK) was Bristol Belle in 1967. Today, hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation, and there are about 7,500 hot air balloons operating in the United States.
The first tethered balloon in modern times was made in France at Chantilly Castle in 1994 by AÃÆ' Â © rophile SA.
The famous crash
November 1975 Pilot Terry McCormack and passenger Tony Hayes died near Wagga Wagga, NSW when the balloon 'The New Endeavor' was attacked by a whirlwind that caused the envelope to collapse.
On August 13, 1989, two air balloons collided near Alice Springs, Northern Territory in Australia. A balloon crashed to the ground killing 13 people.
On September 12, 1995, three gas balloons participating in the Gordon Bennett Cup entered Belarus's airspace. Despite the fact that the competition organizers had informed the Belarussian Government about the race in May and that the flight plan had been filed, a Mil Mi-24B attack helicopter from the Belarusian Air Force shot down a balloon, killing two Americans Alan Fraenckel and John Stuart-Jervis. One more balloon was forced to land while the third landed safely more than two hours after the initial ration. The crew of two balloons were fined for entering Belarus without a visa and were released. Belarus does not apologize nor offer compensation for the death.
On August 11, 2007, hot air balloon was burned & amp; crashed in British Columbia when the fuel line was dislodged from the propane tank, killing two passengers; The Canadian Transportation Safety Board then decided that the fuel tank should have an automatic shut-off valve.
On January 1, 2011, an air balloon crashed in Westfield, Somerset, England, killing two people.
On January 7, 2012, a beautiful hot air balloon flight from Carterton, New Zealand, touched the power lines, caught fire, and crashed north of the city, killing eleven people inside.
On August 23, 2012 in Slovenia, a hot air balloon crashed due to a storm, killing six people and injuring 26 others aboard.
On February 26, 2013, the deadliest balloon crash in history occurred when a hot air balloon exploded and crashed near Luxor, Egypt. The accident killed 19 of 21 people in it.
On July 30, 2016, a balloon carrying 16 people caught fire and crashed near Lockhart, Texas. No one survived.
See also
Note
References
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering . Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
External links
- PROVIDED PERFORMANCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS
- History of Balloons (Student Writing) - Student Essay on the History of Balloons
- The Double Eagle Balloon video after crossing the Atlantic Ocean
- Conquest the British Film of Water starring Laurence Olivier as Vincent Lunardi
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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