A concussion, a type of traumatic brain injury, is often a concern for those who exercise, from children and adolescents to professional athletes. Recurrent concussions are a known cause of various neurological disorders, especially chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which in professional athletes has led to early retirement, uncertain behavior and even suicide. Because the concussion can not be seen on X-rays or CT scans, efforts to prevent concussions become difficult.
The danger of recurring concussion has long been known for boxers and wrestlers; a common CTE form in these two sports, dementia pugilistica (DP), was first described in 1928. Awareness of the risk of concussion in other sports began to grow in the 1990s, and especially in the mid-2000s, in both the medical sports community and professionals, as a result of research on American football players who died prematurely, which shows a very high incidence of CTE (see concussion in American football).
In 2012, four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada have concussion policies. Sports-related concussions are generally analyzed by athletic training or medical staff on the sidelines using an evaluation tool for cognitive function known as the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT), symptom severity checklist, and a balance test.
Video Concussions in sport
Hazard
Symptoms of a concussion can last for an indefinite amount of time depending on the player and the harshness of a concussion. A concussion will affect how a person's brain works.
There is potential for post-concussion syndrome, defined as a series of symptoms that can continue after a concussion. Post-concussion symptoms can be classified into physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleeping symptoms. Physical symptoms include headache, nausea, and vomiting. Athletes may experience cognitive symptoms that include slow speech, difficulty remembering and concentrating. Symptoms of emotion and sleep include irritability, sadness, drowsiness, and difficulty sleeping.
Along with the post-concussion symptom classification of the brain, symptoms can also be described as immediate and delayed. Direct symptoms are experienced immediately after concussions such as loss of memory, disorientation, and poor balance. Delayed symptoms are experienced in later stages and include sleep disturbances and behavioral changes. Both immediate and delayed symptoms may persist for long periods of time and have a negative impact on recovery. According to the study, 20-25% of individuals experiencing concussions experience chronic and delayed symptoms.
Playing through concussions makes people more vulnerable to be hit again, and that is why most sports have tests that the coach will do to prevent getting hit for a second time. A second blow can cause a rare condition known as a second induced syndrome, which can cause severe injury or death. The second-impact syndrome is when an athlete suffers a second head injury before the brain has enough time to heal between concussions.
Recurrent concussions have been associated with various neurological disorders among athletes, including CTE, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinsonism and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Maps Concussions in sport
Incident
It is estimated that as many as 1.6-3.8 million concussions occur in the US per year in competitive sports and recreational activities; this is a rough estimate, because as many as 50% of concussions are not reported. A concussion occurs in all sports with the highest incidence in American football, hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball. In addition to concussions caused by one severe impact, some small effects can also cause brain injury.
Policy
Major League Baseball
The Major League Baseball policy first began in 2007, and injured players were checked by team athletics coaches in the field. On March 29, 2011, the MLB and the Baseball Baseball Players Association announced that they have made various protocols for the policy of the league concussion. The new policy includes four main components:
- All teams must perform basic neurocognitive testing for all players and the referee uses ImPACT (Post-Conflict Dysfunction and Cognitive Tests) during the spring training or after signing the player.
- SCAT2 (Gusi Consultation Tool, version 2) has been adopted as an official concussion assessment tool in the league, although teams have used the tool.
- Establish a 7 day defect list for players with concussions. Players who have been on the list for 14 days will be transferred to the 15 day list.
- Any player who has been diagnosed with a concussion, regardless of being placed on the disabled list, should ask his team to send the form back to play to the league medical director in order for the player to be freed to play.
National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association has no policy, and team procedures after concussions vary by team. The NBA has meetings to educate players every year about concussions. Players also undergo a neurological and cognitive assessment after each season.
During Game 2 of the 2016 NBA Finals on 5 June 2016, Kevin Love was placed in the NBA Concussion Protocol.
National Football League
The National Football League policy was first started in 2007, and injured players were field-checked by the medical team. The league's policy includes "NFL Sidelines Concussion Exam", which requires players who have taken a head-to-head test for concentration, thought and balance. In 2011, the league introduced the assessment test, which incorporated a list of symptoms, limited neurological examination, cognitive evaluation, and balance assessment. In order for players to be allowed back, they must be asymptomatic.
If a player is cleared by an Unaffiliated Neurotrauma Consultant (UNC), then they will be allowed to play but will be closely monitored throughout the game. If a player is diagnosed with a concussion, then the player is not allowed back in the game. Back to play process issued, which includes five steps, "1. Rest and recovery 2. Light aerobic exercise 3. Advanced aerobic exercise/strength training 4. Special activity of football 5. Full soccer activity/permission"
Almost every team has experienced a player who will "continue playing, then try to stumble on the pitch, unwittingly by coach, camera or tap.He may take a breather for a series or two.But he can walk, so he wants to play. game and back to his teammates. "
According to Johns Hopkins University, a study conducted "researchers recruited nine former NFL players who retired decades ago and aged between 57 and 74. The men have played various positions and self-reported various concussions, varying from nothing to running back to 40 to defensive tackle. "
National Hockey League
The National Hockey League concussion policy began in 1997, and the player suffering from a concussion was evaluated by a team of doctors in a quiet room. In March 2011, the NHL adopted guidelines for the policy of the league concussion. Prior to adoption, examination on the bench for concussion is a minimum requirement, but the new guidelines make it mandatory for players who show symptoms of concussion to be examined by the doctor in the dressing room.
Dr. Paul Echlin and Dr. Martha Shenton of Brigham and Women's Hospital and other researchers conducted a study in which "Forty-five men and women of Canadian university hockey players were observed by independent doctors during the 2011-12 season. All 45 players were awarded MRI scans before and after the season, 11 of which received diagnosis of concussion during the season was given an additional scan within 72 hours, two weeks and two months of incidence. Scan found microscopic white matter and inflammatory changes in the brains of individuals who had suffered concussions clinically diagnosed during the study period. "
"We are celebrating great success, we do not like big blows, there are important differences because we celebrate body checks."
Teen sports
Many children and teenagers participate in sports and extracurricular activities that create the risk of head injury or concussion, including basketball, cheerleading, soccer and soccer. As a result, schools and youth sports groups should implement programs to reduce the risk of concussion, ensure rapid diagnosis and provision of medical care, and that young participants are not threatened by a premature return to exercise.
In 2010, more high school soccer players suffered concussions than basketball, baseball, wrestling, and softball players, according to the Center for Policy Research and Injury. According to a study in medical journals, many girls do not get serious care and prevention about concussions, and 56 percent of players (or their families) report symptoms of concussion never seeking treatment.
A growing topic is a concussion in women's soccer, especially among high school girls. Studies show that girls report concussions almost twice as much as boys in the sport they both play. The number of girls suffering from concussions in football accounts for the second largest number of all concussions reported by young athletes.
According to a 2012 study published by ScienceDirect, soccer has the highest injury rate per athlete exposure among children 7- to 13 years old.
The study was conducted to compare clinical recovery patterns after sports-related concussions for high school and college athletes. It is important for them that these findings help us gain a better understanding of how developmental factors affect response to and recovery after different levels of play. Determine whether college or professional athletes are more resilient to average concussion wounds than more heterogeneous secondary school samples.
Research was conducted with Divisions 1, 2, and 3 football players in 15 universities across the United States. Then there is a side project that followed football, hockey, and soccer players in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They also see male and female athletes at high schools and colleges especially in the southeastern United States. For each athlete they perform preteen preliminary testing to see if anyone has a concussion. They perform these tests at the school of athletes in the classroom or in a quiet enclosed space. All athletes are individually controlled by trained research assistants.
From this study they concluded that college athletes were older, taller, and heavier and had played their sport for years later by high school athletes. The secondary school group has more concussions and the proportion of women is higher than that of colleges or control samples. They have a total of 621 athletes concussed and 150 uninjured. They found little evidence that there was a difference in clinical recovery rates from concussions between high school and college athletes. They see that for college players that symptoms are increased through day 5 after the injury is resolved on day 7. The high school athletes take 1-2 days longer to recover, but they both show a quick recovery within days of the injury. High school athletes do have a more severe concussions.
The information that the author gives us is relevant only to people who play sports at the high school or college level. This information will not be useful for someone who does not exercise or does not often have a concussion. They test to see what impact the concussion is having on these athletes and how they recover from them. This information is also useful for coaches and parents to know as well.
The limitations they can have for this experiment are if most of the team players are injured or if nobody has a concussion or there is no concussion from their sport. I do not think there is any missing data we do not tell in their reports. Another possible limitation in this research is if a player has experienced a concussion and continues to play contact sports and does not let it heal that will interfere with their data they are looking for.
Table
Concussion in other sports
American soccer
American football causes 250,000 concussions each year, and 20% of high school football players have a concussion each year. In 2000, researchers from the Sports Medicine Research Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill analyzed 17,549 players from 242 different schools. 888 (5.1%) of the players analyzed had at least one concussion of the season, and 131 (14.7%) of them experienced another concussion later in life. Division III and high school players have a higher tendency to maintain a concussion than players of Division II and Division I. In 2001, the National Football League Players Association partnered with UNC to determine whether professional footballers suffered health effects after injury, despite the findings criticized by the NFL for being unreliable because it is based on its own reporting by the players.
Associate Football
The football association - also known as soccer - is the leading source of sports related concussions around the world. Although 50-80% of injuries in football are directed to the foot, head injuries have been shown to cause between 4 and 22% of soccer injuries. It is possible that heading the ball can damage the head, because the ball can move at 100 km/h; although most professional players have reported that they suffered a head injury due to colliding with other players and the ground. A multi-year study by the University of Colorado published in JAMA Pediatrics confirms that athlete-to-athlete collisions that occur during heading, have no impact on the ball itself, are generally a cause of concussion.
A Norwegian study consisting of Norwegian national football players and former players found that 3% of the active and 30% of former players had persistent concussion symptoms, and that 35% of the active and 32% of former players had readings electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormal.
During the 2006-07 English Premier League season, Czech keeper Petr? Ech suffered a great concussion in a game between his Chelsea club and Reading. During the match, Reading midfielder Stephen Hunt hit ech's head with his right knee, dropping the guard out. ? ech had surgery for a depressed skull fracture and was told he would spend a year playing soccer. ? ech continued his duty on 20 January 2007 in a game against Liverpool, now wearing a rugby helmet to protect his weak skull.
According to Downs DS and D Abwender in their article Neuropsychological Impairment at Soccer Athletes, "participation in football may be related to worse neuropsychological performance, although the observed pattern of findings does not specifically involve the post as the cause".
On 2 November 2013 in a match between Tottenham and Everton, Tottenham goalkeeper Hugo Lloris suffered a severe blow by knee forward Romelu Lukaku. The blow that made Lloris thrown to the ground. Manager Andre Boas reluctantly decides to leave the player after regaining consciousness and after passing medical judgment. This violates the PFA rules, stating that any player losing consciousness should be replaced.
There is widespread debate about protective head protectors in football. Known as a sport associated with elaborate footwork, speed, and timely feedback, soccer is also classified as a high intensity contact/collision sport, with head injury and concussion levels similar to those seen in football, ice hockey, lacrosse , and rugby. While the benefits of helmets and other headwear are more pronounced in the latter sport, the role of headgear in soccer remains unclear.
There are clear rules from FIFA about what to do when a player has a concussion. The FIFA Guidelines say that a player who has fainted should not play again that day. But the rule allows "temporary change of consciousness" after a head injury, which says that a player can return to play following an assessment by medical staff. The rules also state that an injured player with head damage should not be played for five days.
Auto racing
The death of Dale Earnhardt at Daytona 500 2001, along with Kenny Irwin, Adam Petty and Tony Roper in 2000, and the serious injuries suffered by Steve Park in an accident in September 2001 in Darlington, led to NASCAR establishing numerous policies to assist in driver safety, such as introduction Car of Tomorrow. Racers are finally instructed to wear head and neck tightening, and SAFER barriers have been mounted on the racetrack wall, with foam pads on each side of the helmet that will allow the driver's head to move in case of a collision. Nevertheless, 29 concussions were identified between 2004 and 2012.
In 2012, when Dale Earnhardt, Jr. suffered a concussion after being involved in an accident at the end of Good Sam Roadside Assistance 500 in Talladega, NASCAR expressed consideration in adding a basic test to his concussion policy. NASCAR is one of the few motorsport organizations that lacks basic testing, even though it ends in 2014, as early testing begins at the start of the season.
Basketball
In the 2005 high school basketball year, 3.6% of reported injuries were concussions, with 30.5% concussions occurring during the rebound. The incidence rate for concussions in NCAA men's basketball is lower than that of NCAA women's basketball, at 0.16 concussions per 1,000 athletes compared with 0.22 per 1,000 athletes each. The difference is found primarily in competition activity compared to exercise.
Boxing
Despite its violent fist, the National Safety Council report in 1996 ranked amateur boxing as the safest sporting contact in America. However, a concussion is one of the most serious injuries that can occur from boxing, and in the 80-year range from 1918 to 1998, there were 659 boxers who died of brain injury. The incidence rate for a concussion in boxing may often be miscalculated due to the fact that concussion is not always the result of a knockout blow. The Olympic boxer sends a blow at high impact speed but lowers HIC and translational acceleration rather than in football impact due to lower effective mass blow. They lead to a more proportional rotational acceleration than in football. Modeling suggests that the largest strain is in the midbrain at the end of exposure, after the main impact acceleration in boxing and football.
Around the world, boxing is talked about and watched in many countries and one of the most televised sports and one of the most famous boxers of all time is Muhammad Ali. He is one of the most influential boxers and is known as the best of all time. Ali is unfortunately "diagnosed with" a group of symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease, "known as Parkinson's Syndrome, which his doctor believes is caused by many blows to the head," which caused his death in 2016.
Gymnastics
Due to many skills such as gymnastics involving flipping or a blind landing, the incidence of head injury increases. A 15-year study found a 1.7% incidence for concussions and closed head injury for high school gymnasts.
Ice Hockey
Ice hockey is also known to have a concussion that causes many players. Therefore, the NHL made a mandatory hockey helmet in the NHL season 1979-1980. According to data released by the National Academy of Neuropsychology's Sports Concussion Symposium, from 2006 to 2011, 765 NHL players were diagnosed with concussions. At the Mayo Clinic Sports Ice Cream Hockey Summit: Action on Concussion conference in 2010, a panel making recommendations that hit the head should be banned, and prohibit body checks by children ages 11 and 12. For the NHL 2010-11 season, the NHL prohibits blindside blows to the head, but does not prohibit attacks on the face. The conference also urged the NHL and its small entities to join the International Ice Hockey Federation, the NCAA and the Ontario Hockey League in banning any contact with the head.
The NHL has been criticized for allowing the team of doctors to determine whether injured players can return to the ice, rather than an independent doctor.
Rugby union
A concussion is also a significant factor in rugby union, other full-contact sports. In 2011, the world sporting world body, World Rugby (later known as the International Rugby Board, or IRB), issued a very detailed policy to deal with injured players suspected of suffering a concussion. Under the policy, a player suffering from a concussion is allegedly not allowed to return to play in the game. Players are not cleared to play after injury for a minimum of 21 days, unless they are being supervised in recovery by a medical practitioner. Even when medical advice is present, players must complete a multi-step monitoring process before being cleared to play again; this process takes a minimum of six days. In 2012, the IRB modifies the policy, instituting the Pitchside Suspected Concussion Assessment (PSCA), where players suspected of suffering concussions must leave the field for 5 minutes while doctors assess their condition through a series of questions. Players who pass the PSCA are allowed to return to play.
However, the incident during the third Test of the Lions 2013 tour in Australia led to criticisms of the current protocol. During the match, George Smith of Australia clashed his head with Lions' Richard Hibbard and was sent to pitchside. According to UK ESPN channel, "although looking confused and confused, Smith passed the PSCA and returned to the field a few minutes later."
In 2013, former Scottish international Rory Lamont alleges that the current concussion protocol can be easily manipulated. The key part of the current protocol is the "Cogsport" test (also known as COG), a computer-based cognitive function test. Each player underwent a test before the start of the new season, and then tested again on it after a head injury, and the results were compared, to determine the possibility of interference. According to Lamont, some players deliberately pre-season test badly, so they will be more likely to match or beat their previous results while playing.
Lamont is also critical of the PSCA, noting:
The Concussion bin is replaced by a bin head in 2012 with a player rating taking 10 minutes. If the concussion of the player must recover by first returning to the general activity in life, then go back to play. Back in play, players must follow the Graduated Return to Play (GRTP) protocol, with permission from a medical professional, and no symptoms of concussion.
Women's sports
Reports show that female athletes suffer more concussions than male athletes. A report in December 2008 stated that 29,167 female high school soccer players in the United States suffered a concussion in 2005, compared to 20,929 male players. In high school basketball, 12,923 girls suffered concussions while only 3,823 boys. Girls also suffered more concussions in softball, compared to boys in baseball. Female athletes also have longer recovery times than men, and also have lower scores on visual memory tests. Girls also have a longer recovery time for concussions, which may be caused by a higher level of blood flow in the brain.
Women's ice hockey is reported as one of the most dangerous sports in the NCAA, with a concussion rate of 2.72 per 1,000 player hours. Although ice men's hockey allows body checks, while women's ice hockey is not, the concussion level for men is 46% lower, at 1.47 per 1,000 player hours. College football also has a lower concussion rate than women's hockey, with a rate of 2.34 per 1,000.
Women's basketball is one of the women's sports with the highest risk of concussion. Women have a greater risk of concussion due to dribbling motion than surviving. It was also found that female college basketball players usually received concussions during the game rather than practice.
Prevention and technological efforts
There are many attempts to prevent concussions, such as the establishment of the PACE program (Protecting Athletes through a Concussion Concussion), which works with the imPACT system, which is currently used by every NFL and some NHL teams. In 2008, the Football League Arena tested an impact monitor made by Schutt Sports called a "Shockometer", which is a triangular device attached to the back of a football helmet that has a light on the device that turns red when a concussion occurs. Riddell has also created Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS) and Sideline Response System (SRS) to record the frequency and severity of player blows during training and games. On every helmet with the system, MX Encoders is implemented, which can record every click automatically. Eight NFL teams originally planned to use the system in the 2010 season, but the NFL Player Association finally blocked its use. Other impact detection devices include CheckLight, by Reebok and MC10., And online test providers Impag, BrainCheck, and XLNTbrain tests that establish baseline cognitive functioning of athletes who are monitored from time to time. CCAT's online tool developed by Axon Sports is another test to help doctors assess the concussion.
Media coverage
In 2012, film producer Steve James filed the Head Games movies documentary, interviewing former NHL player Keith Primeau, and Owen Thomas's parents, who hanged himself after suffering brain damage during his soccer career at Penn. The documentary also interviewed former athlete Christopher Nowinski, Cindy Parlow, and Alan Schwarz of the New York Times reporter, among athletes, journalists and other medical researchers.
League of Denial is a 2013 book by sports reporters Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru on concussions in the NFL. The American documentary series "Frontline" covers topics in two episodes, one based on a book and also called "League of Denial", and another "Football High" sports journalist Dave Zirin has also discussed the topic in detail.
See also
- The concussion assessment system
- Head injury criteria
- The data logger is a surprise
- Impact sensor
- Traumatic brain injury related to exercise
- Concussion in high school sports
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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