Cappadocia ( ; also Capadocia ; Greek: ????? ????? , KappadokÃÆ'a , from Old Persian: Katpatuka , Turkish: Kapadokya ) is a historic area in Central Anatolia, mostly in Nev'ehir, Kayseri, K'ir? ehir, Aksaray, and Ni? de in Turkey.
According to Herodotus, during the time of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC), Cappadocia reportedly occupied the region from Mount Taurus to the vicinity of Euxine (Black Sea). Cappadocian, in this sense, is confined to the south by the Taurus Mountain chains that separate it from Cilicia, to the east by the upper Euphrates, to the north by Pontus, and to the west by Lycaonia and east of Galatia.
The name, traditionally used in Christian sources throughout history, continues to be used as a concept of international tourism to determine the wonders of the natural terrain, especially those characterized by fairy chimneys and unique historical and cultural heritage.
Video Cappadocia
Etymology
The earliest records of the name Cappadocia date from the end of the 6th century BC, when it appears in a three-letter inscription of the two early Achaemenid kings, DariusÃ, I and Xerxes, as one of the countries (Old Persian dahyu - ) from the Persian Empire. In the list of these countries, the name Persian Lama is Haspaduya , which some researchers say is from Iran Huw-aspa-dahyu - "country/country of beautiful horses".
Another proposed that Kat-patuka come from the Luwian language, which means "Low Country". Subsequent research shows that the katta , which means 'down, down' exclusively is Het, while Luwian's equivalent is zanta . Therefore the latest modification of this proposal operates with Hittite katta peda - , literally "put below" as a starting point for Cappadocia toponym development.
Herodotus tells us that the name of Cappadocia was applied to them by Persia, while they were termed by the Greeks "Syria" or "White Leucosyri". One of the Cappadocians he mentioned was Moschoi, associated with Flavius ​​Josephus with biblical figure Meshech, son of Japheth: "and Mosocheni was founded by Mosoch; now they are Cappadocia." AotJ I: 6.
Cappadocia appears in the biblical record given in Acts 2: 9. The Cappadocians are named as a group that listened to the Galilean gospel story in their own language on the day of Pentecost shortly after the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Acts 2: 5 seems to indicate that the Cappadocians in this story are "God-fearing Jews". See Acts.
This region is also mentioned in the Jewish Mishnah, in Ketubot 13:11.
Under the kings of the Persian Empire, Cappadocia was divided into two satrapies, or government, with one consisting of the middle and inland, which the name Cappadocia continued to be applied by the Greek geographer, while the other was called Pontus. This division already occurred before Xenophon's time. After the fall of the Persian government, the two provinces continued to separate, the distinction was enshrined, and the name Cappadocia was confined to the inland provinces (sometimes called Cappadocia Besar), which would be the focus of this article.
The kingdom of Cappadocia still exists in the time of Strabo (ca 64 BC - ca 24 AD) as a nominally independent state. Cilicia was the name given to the district where Caesarea, the capital of the whole country, lay. Only two Cappadocian cities considered by Strabo to deserve the title are Caesarea (originally known as Mazaca) and Tyana, not far from the feet of the Taurus.
Maps Cappadocia
Geography and climate
Cappadocia is located in central Anatolia, in the heart of what is now Turkey. Relief consists of a plateau of over 1000 m in altitude penetrated by volcanic peaks, with Erciyes Mountain (ancient Argaeus) near Kayseri (ancient Caesarea) being the highest at 3916 m . The limits of Cappadocia are historically unclear, especially westward. To the south, the Taurus Mountains formed the border with Cilicia and separated Cappadocia from the Mediterranean Sea. To the west, Cappadocia is bounded by the historical region of Lycaonia in the southwest, and Galatia to the northwest. Due to its inland and high altitude location, Cappadocia has an exceptional continental climate, with dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Rainfall is rare and the area is mostly semi-arid.
History
Cappadocia is known as Hatti in the Late Bronze Age, and is the homeland of Hitt power based in Hattusa. After the fall of the Hittite Empire, with the decline of Syro-Cappadocians (Mushki) after their defeat by the Lydian king, Croesus in the 6th century, Cappadocia was ruled by a kind of feudal aristocracy, dwelling in a strong palace and keeping the peasants in slave conditions, they tend to foreign slavery. It belongs in the third Persian satra in the division founded by Darius but continues to be governed by his own ruler, nothing seems supreme over the whole country and all more or less the rivers of the Great King.
Kingdom of Cappadocia
After ending the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great seeks control of the territory through one of his military commanders. But Ariarathes, a Persian aristocrat, somehow became king of Cappadocia. As Ariarathes I (332-322 BC), he was a successful ruler, and he extended the borders of the Cappadocian Kingdom to the Black Sea. The kingdom of Cappadocia lived in peace until the death of Alexander. The previous kingdom was then divided into many parts, and Cappadocia fell to Eumenes. His claim was made well in 322 BC by the Regent of Perdiccas, who crucified the Ariarathes; but in the dispute which led to the death of Eumenes Ariarathes II, Ariarathes I's adopted son, restored his inheritance and handed it over to successors, most of whom gave birth to the name of the founder of the dynasty.
The Persian colonies in the Cappadocian kingdom, disconnected from their fellow religionists in Iran, continued to practice Zoroastrianism. Strabo, observing them in the first century BC, note (XV.3.15) that this "fireman" has many "shrines of the Persian god", as well as the temple of fire. Furthermore, Strabo also connects, "a shell that needs attention, and in the middle of them is an altar, where there is a lot of ashes and where the wise men keep the fire burning."
Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia established a relationship with Rome, first as an enemy that supported the cause of the Great Antiochus, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon. The kings next threw in their fate with the Republic as against Seleucids, to whom they from time to time become creeks. Ariarathes V marches with Rome's proconsus Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus against Aristonicus, a prosecutor of the throne of Pergamon, and their army was destroyed (130 BC). The imbroglio that followed his death eventually caused interference by the rising power of Pontus and the intrigues and wars that ended in the dynastic failure.
Roman and Byzantine Provinces
The Cappadocians, supported by the Romans against the Mithridates VI of Pontus, chose the original landlord, Ariobarzanes, to succeed (93 BC); but in the same year Armenian troops under the Great Tigranes entered Cappadocia, barred the king of Ariobarzanes and named Gordios as king of Cappadocia's new client, thus creating a buffer zone against the violating Romans. Not until Rome had overthrown the Pontic and Armenian kings that the Ariobarzanes government established (63 BCE). In the Civil War, Cappadocia was first for Pompey, then for Caesar, then for Antony, and finally, Octavianus. The Ariobarzanes dynasty ended, a cappadocian nobleman, Archelaus, was given the throne, first by Antonius and later from Octavianus, and retained the independence of the funding up to 17 AD, when Tiberius emperor, who had angered him, summoned him to Rome and reduced Cappadocia to the Roman province.
Cappadocia contains several underground cities (see Kaymakl? Underground City). Underground cities have an extensive network of defense traps at all levels. These traps are very creative, including devices such as large cobblestones to block doors and holes in the ceiling where defenders can drop spears.
Initial and Byzantine Christian Period
The Cappadocian Fathers of the 4th century were an integral part of many early Christian philosophies. It also produces, among others, another Patriarch of Constantinople, John of Cappadocia, who holds positions 517-520. For much of the Byzantine era it remained relatively undisturbed by conflicts in the region with the Sassanid Empire, but it was an important border zone then against Muslim conquest. From the seventh century, Cappadocia was divided between Anatolic and Armeniac themes. In the 9th-11th century, the region consisted of Charsianon and Cappadocia themes.
Cappadocia shared an ever-changing relationship with neighboring Armenia, at that time the Empire. The Arab historian Abu Al Faraj affirms the following about the Armenian settlers at Sivas, during the 10th century: "Sivas, in Cappadocia, was dominated by Armenians and their numbers became so numerous that they became vital members of the imperial army. was used as a guard post in strong castles, drawn from Arabs, distinguished themselves as infantry soldiers experienced in the imperial army and constantly fought with extraordinary courage and success on the part of the Romans in words another Byzantine ". As a result of the Byzantine military campaign and the Seljuk invasion of Armenia, the Armenians spread to Cappadocia and eastward from Cilicia to the mountains of northern Syria and Mesopotamia, and the Kingdom of Cilicia was finally formed. This immigration increased further after the decline of the local imperial power and the formation of the Crusader states after the Fourth Crusade. For the Crusaders, Cappadocia was "Terra Hermeniorum," the land of the Armenians, because a large number of Armenians settled there.
Turkish Cappadocia
After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, various Turkish clans under the Seljuk leadership began to settle in Anatolia. With the rise of Turkish rule in Anatolia, Cappadocia slowly became a tributary to the Turkish states established in the east and west; some residents were forced to convert to Islam with the rest forming the Cappadocian Greek population. By the end of the early 12th century, Anatolia Seljuk had established their sole dominance over the region. With the decline and fall of the Konya Seljuk in the second half of the 13th century, they were gradually replaced by the Karaman-based Beylik of Karaman, which they gradually succeeded by the Ottoman Empire during the 15th century.. Cappadocia remained part of the Ottoman Empire for many centuries to come, and now remains part of the modern state of Turkey. A fundamental change took place between when a new city center, Nev'ehir, was founded in the early 18th century by a noble patih who was a native of the region (Nev? Ehirli Damat? Brahim Pasha), to serve as the regional capital, assumed by the city to this day. Meanwhile, many former Cappadocians have switched to the Turkish dialect (written in the Greek alphabet, Karamanl? Ca ), and where the Greek is preserved (Sille, the village near Kayseri, the town of Pharasa and other nearby villages ). ), it became heavily influenced by the surrounding Turks. This Greek dialect is known as Greek Cappadocian . After the population exchange of 1923 between Greece and Turkey, this language is now spoken only by a few descendants of former residents in modern Greece.
Modern travel
This area is a popular tourist destination, as it has many areas with unique geological, historical, and cultural features.
Touristic Cappadocia meliputi 4 quota: Nigde from Nevsehir, Kayseri, Aksaray.
The region lies to the southwest of the great city of Kayseri, which has flights and train services to Ankara and Istanbul as well as other cities.
The most important cities and destinations in Cappadocia are ÃÆ'Ã… "rgÃÆ'¼p, GÃÆ'¶reme, Ihlara Valley, Selime, Guzelyurt, Uchisar, Avanos and Zelve. Among the underground cities worth seeing are Derinkuyu, Kaymakli, Gaziemir, and Ozkonak. The best historic mansions and cave houses for tourist attractions are in Urgup, Goreme, Guzelyurt and Uchisar.
The balloon is very popular in Cappadocia and available in Goreme. Trekking is enjoyed in the Ihlara Valley, the Valley of the Convent (Guzelyurt), Urgup, and Goreme.
Sedimentary rocks formed in lakes and rivers and deposits of ignimbrite that erupted from ancient volcanoes from 9 to 3 million last year, during the late Miocene to Pliocene, underlying the Cappadocia region. Cappadocian rocks near the GÃÆ'¶reme eroded into hundreds of spectacular pillars and tower-like shapes. People from the villages in the heart of the Cappadocia Region carve out houses, churches and monasteries from the soft rocks of volcanic deposits. GÃÆ'¶reme became a monastic center at 300-1200 AD.
The first period of settlement in the GÃÆ'¶reme returned to the Roman period. The churches of Joseph KoÃÆ'§, Ortahane, Durmus Kadir and Bezirhane in GÃÆ'¶reme, and houses and churches carved into rocks in Uzundere, Ba ?? ldere and Zemi Valleys, all illustrate history and can be seen today. The Open Air Museum Gà © nà © ral is the most visited monastic community site in Cappadocia (see Church of GÃÆ'¶reme, Turkey) and is one of the most famous sites in central Turkey. The complex contains more than 30 churches and carved-from-stone chapels, some with extraordinary frescoes inside, dating from the ninth to the 11th century.
Mesothelioma
In 1975, a study of three small villages in central Cappadocia - TuzkÃÆ'¶y, Karain and Sar? H? D? R - found that mesothelioma causes 50% of all deaths. Initially, it is associated with erionite, zeolite minerals with properties similar to asbestos, but detailed epidemiological investigations show that the substance causes this disease primarily in families with a genetic predisposition to mineral fiber carcinogenesis. The study is being expanded to other parts of the region.
Media
This area is featured in several movies due to its topography. Italian/French/Turkish Movies 1983 Yor, Future Hunters were filmed in Cappadocia. This area is used for the science fiction film 1989 Slipstream to describe the cult of worshipers of the wind. In 2010 and early 2011, the Ghost Rider movie Spirit of Vengeance was also filmed in the Cappadocia region. Pier Paolo Pasolini Medea , based on the Medea Euripides plot, was filmed in the early Christian churches of the GÃÆ'¶reme Open Air Museum.
Turkish model and actress Azra Ak? N takes part in an advertisement for gum called First Ice . This ad shows some area features.
In Assassin's Creed: Revelations , Cappadocia is a Templar-dominated underground city in Turkey. In the role-playing game of the Vampire: The Masquerade table, Cappadocian is an extinct vampire clan around Mount Erciyes.
The winter scene of Cappadocia and the vast panorama stand out in the 2014 Winter Sleep movie (Turkey: K ?? Uykusu), directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan, who won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes 2014 film festival.
Sports
Since 2012, multiday tracks run the concept of ultramaraton desert, called Runfire Cappadocia Ultramarathon, held annually in July. The 244 km (152 miles) tourist race in six days through several places across Cappadocia reaches Lake Tuz. Between September 9 and September 13, 2016, for the first time, the Turkish President's Bicycle Tour took place in Cappadocia where more than 300 cyclists from around the world participated.
Gallery
See also
- The ancient region of Anatolia
- Greek Cappadocian
- Amaseia
- Father from Cappadocia
- Cappadocia under Achaemenids
- A list of colossal sculptures in situ
- List of names of traditional Greek places
- Mokissos
- Tourism in Turkey
- ÃÆ'Ã… "rgÃÆ'¼p
- Kandovan, Iran
References
- This article incorporates text from publications now in the public domain: Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cappadocia". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). Cambridge University Press.
Source
- Weiskopf, Michael (1990). "CAPPADOCIA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7-8 . pp.Ã, 780-786.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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