Biofeedback is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions primarily using instruments that provide information about the same system activity, in order to be able to manipulate them at will. Some controllable processes include brain waves, muscle tone, skin conductance, heart rate and pain perception. In biofeedback, you are connected to an electrical sensor that helps you receive information (feedback) about your body (bio)
Biofeedback can be used to improve the health, performance, and physiological changes that often occur along with changes in mind, emotions, and behavior. Finally, these changes can be maintained without the use of additional equipment, as no tools are required to practice biofeedback.
Biofeedback has been found to be effective for the treatment of headaches and migraines.
- Over-feed
is a process that studies how to alter physiological activity for the purpose of improving health and performance. Appropriate instruments measure physiological activity such as brain waves, heart function, breathing, muscle activity, and skin temperature. These tools quickly and accurately 'feed back' information to users. The presentation of this information - often simultaneously with changes in thought, emotion, and behavior - supports the desired physiological changes. Over time, these changes can persist without continuing to use the instrument.
Video Biofeedback
The biofeedback coded information
Biofeedback information is a form and methodology developed in the biofeedback field. Its use can be applied in the areas of health, fitness, and awareness. Biofeedback has modern conventional roots in the early 1970s.
Over the years, biofeedback as a discipline and technology continues to mature and express new versions of this method with new interpretations in fields that utilize electromyography, electrodermograph, electroencephalograph and electrocardiogram among others. The concept of biofeedback is based on the fact that the ongoing intrinsic natural functions of organisms occur at a level of consciousness commonly called "unconscious". The biofeedback process is designed to interact with certain aspects of this "unconscious" process.
Definition of reading: Biofeedback is a process that allows an individual to learn how to alter physiological activity for the purpose of improving health and performance. Appropriate instruments measure physiological activity such as brain waves, heart function, breathing, muscle activity, and skin temperature. This instrument quickly and accurately provides information feedback to users. The presentation of this information - often simultaneously with changes in thought, emotion, and behavior - supports the desired physiological changes. Over time, these changes can persist without continuing to use the instrument.
A simpler definition could be: Biofeedback is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions primarily using instruments that provide information about the same system activity, in order to be able to manipulate them at will. (Emphasis added by author.)
In both of these definitions, the main feature of this concept is the association of "willpower" with the results of new cognitive "learning" skills. Some people examine this concept and should not consider it merely for the deliberate acquisition of new skills being studied but also extend the dynamics into behavioral conditioning conditions (7). Behaviorism holds that it is possible to alter the actions and functions of an organism by exposing it to a number of conditions or influences. The key concept is not only an unconscious function but the conditioning process itself may not be realized by the organism. The biofeedback coded information mainly relies on the conditioning aspect of biofeedback behavior in promoting significant changes in organism function.
The principle of "information" is complex and, in part, controversial. The term itself comes from the Latin word informare which literally means "to bring form or form". The meaning of "information" is strongly influenced by the context of usage. Perhaps the simplest and perhaps most profound definition of "information" is given by Gregory Bateson - "Information is news of change" or other as "the difference that makes the difference". Information can also be regarded as "any type of pattern that affects the formation or transformation of other patterns". Recognizing the inherent complexity of an organism, the information code biofeedback applies algorithmic calculations in a stochastic approach to identify significant probabilities within a limited set of possibilities.
Maps Biofeedback
Sensor modality
Electromyograph
Electromyograph (EMG) uses a surface electrode to detect the potential muscle action of the underlying skeletal muscle that initiates muscle contraction. The physician notes the surface electromyogram (SEMG) using one or more active electrodes placed above the target muscle and the reference electrode placed in a good six-inch active. SEMG is measured in microvolts (one millionth of a volt).
In addition to surface electrodes, doctors may also insert the wire or needle intramuscularly to record EMG signals. Although this is more painful and often expensive, the signal is more reliable because the surface electrode takes cross talks from nearby muscles. The use of surface electrodes is also limited to superficial muscles, making the intramuscular approach useful for accessing signals from deeper muscles. The electrical activity taken by the electrode is recorded and displayed in the same way as the surface electrode. Before placing the surface electrode, the skin is usually shaved, cleaned and peeled off to get the best signal. Standard EMG signals resemble noise (electrical signals do not come from muscle pulls) and voltages fluctuate, therefore they are processed normally in three ways: rectification, filtering, and integration. This processing allows for integrated signals which can then be compared with other signals using the same processing technique.
Biofeedback therapists use EMG biofeedback when treating anxiety and worry, chronic pain, computer-related disorders, essential hypertension, headaches (migraine, mixed headache, and tension-type headache), lower back pain, physical rehabilitation (cerebral palsy, incomplete spinal cord, and stroke), temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD), torticollis, and fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, and pelvic pain. Physical therapists have also used EMG biofeedback to evaluate muscle activation and provide feedback for their patients.
Feedback thermometer
The feedback thermometer detects the skin temperature with a thermistor (temperature sensitive resistor) that usually attaches to a finger or toe and is measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. The skin temperature mainly reflects the diameter of the arteries. Hand-warming and hand-cooling are produced by separate mechanisms, and their rules involve different skills. Hand-warming involves arteriolar vasodilatation produced by the mechanism of the beta-2 adrenergic hormone. Hand cooling involves arteriolar vasoconstriction resulting from increased incubation of sympathetic C fibers.
Biofeedback therapists use temperature biofeedback when treating chronic pain, edema, headaches (migraine and tension-type headaches), essential hypertension, Raynaud's disease, anxiety, and stress.
Electrodermograph
Electrodermograf (EDG) measures the direct electrical activity of skin (skin conductance and skin potential) and indirectly (skin resistance) using electrodes placed above numbers or hands and wrists. Responsive orientation to unexpected stimuli, passion and worry, and cognitive activity can increase the activity of eccrine sweat glands, improving the conductivity of the skin for electric currents.
In skin conductance , electrodermographs charge an invisible current in the skin and measure how easily it moves through the skin. When anxiety increases the level of sweat in the sweat channel, the conductance increases. The skin conductance is measured in microsiemens (one nine of siemens). In skin potential , a therapist places the active electrode above the active site (eg, palm surface) and reference electrode on a relatively inactive site (eg forearm). The potential of the skin is the stress that develops between the eccrine sweat glands and the internal tissue and is measured in millivolts (one thousandth of a volt). In skin resistance , also called galvanic skin response (GSR), electrodermographs charge current on the skin and measure the amount of opposition it encounters. Skin resistance is measured in k? (thousands ohm).
Biofeedback therapists use electrodermal biofeedback when treating anxiety disorders, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), and stress. Electrodermal biofeedback is used as an adjunct to psychotherapy to raise client awareness of their emotions. In addition, electrodermal action has long served as one of the major tools in polygraphy because they reflect changes in anxiety or emotional activation.
Electroencephalograph
Electroencephalograph (EEG) measures the electrical activation of the brain from scalp sites located above the human cortex. EEG shows the amplitude of electrical activity in each cortical location, the amplitude and relative strength of the various waveforms at each site, and the extent to which each cortical site fires along with other cortical sites (coherence and symmetry).
The EEG uses a precious metal electrode to detect a voltage between at least two electrodes located on the scalp. EEGs noted both the excited postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) and the potential postsynaptic inhibition (IPSPs) that mostly occurred in dendrites in pyramidal cells located in macrocolumns, several millimeters in diameter, in the upper cortical layer. Neurofeedback monitors slow and rapid cortical potential.
The slow cortical potential is a gradual change in the potential of cortical dendritic membranes that last from 300 ms to several seconds. These potentials include negative variations of contingency (CNV), potential readiness, motion-related potential (MRP), and potential P300 and N400.
Fast cortical potential ranges from 0.5 Hz to 100 Hz. The main frequency range includes delta, theta, alpha, sensorimotor rhythm, low beta, high beta, and gamma. The threshold or boundary defining the frequency range varies among professionals. The rapid cortical potential can be explained by their dominant frequency, but also by whether they are synchronous or asynchronous waveforms. The sync waveform occurs at regular periodic intervals, while the asynchronous waveform is irregular.
Sync delta rhythms range from 0.5 to 3.5 Hz. Delta is the dominant frequency from ages 1 to 2, and is associated in adults with deep sleep and brain pathology such as trauma and tumors, and learning disabilities.
Theta sync rhythms range from 4-7 Hz. Theta is the dominant frequency in young healthy children and is associated with drowsiness or sleep, REM sleep, hypnagogic imagery (strong picture experienced before sleep), hypnosis, attention, and processing of cognitive and perceptual information.
Synchronous alpha rhythms range from 8-13 Hz and are determined by the waveform and not by frequency. Alpha activity can be observed in about 75% of conscious and relaxed people and is replaced by low amplitude beta activity during amplitude during movement, complex problem solving, and visual focus. This phenomenon is called alpha blocking.
Synchronous sensorymotor rhythms (SMR) range from 12 to 15 Hz and lie above the sensorimotor cortex (central sulcus). The sensorimotor rhythm is associated with inhibition of movement and reduced muscle tone.
The beta rhythm consists of asynchronous waves and can be divided into low beta and high beta ranges (13-21 Hz and 20-32 Hz). Low beta is associated with activation and focused thinking. High beta is associated with anxiety, hypervigilance, panic, peak performance, and worry.
EEG activity from 36 to 44 Hz is also referred to as gamma. Gamma activity is associated with the perception of meaning and meditative awareness.
Neurotherapists use EEG biofeedback when treating addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities, anxiety disorders (including worry, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder), depression, migraine, and generalized seizures.
Photoplethysmograph
A photoplethysmograph (PPG) measures relative blood flow through digits using a photoplethysmographic sensor (PPG) mounted by a Velcro band to the fingers or to a temple to monitor the temporal artery. The infrared light source is transmitted through or reflected from the network, detected by the phototransistor, and measured in the arbitrary unit. Less light is absorbed when blood flow is greater, increasing the intensity of light reaching the sensor.
A photoplethysmograph can measure blood volume of the pulse (BVP), which is a phasic change in blood volume with every heartbeat, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV), consisting of a beat-to-beat difference in intervals between successive heart rates, respectively.
A photoplethysmograph can provide useful feedback when temperature feedback indicates minimal change. This is because PPG sensors are more sensitive than thermistors to minute blood flow changes. Biofeedback therapists can use photoplethysmograph to supplement temperature biofeedback while treating chronic pain, edema, headaches (migraine and tension headache), essential hypertension, Raynaud's disease, anxiety, and stress.
Electrocardiogram
The electrocardiogram (EKG) uses electrodes placed on the torso, wrist, or leg, to measure the electrical activity of the heart and measure the interbeat interval (the distance between successive R-peaks in the QRS complex). Interval interval, divided into 60 seconds, determines the heart rate at that time. The statistical variability of the interval interval is what we call the variability of the heartbeat. The ECG method is more accurate than the PPG method of measuring the variability of the heart rate.
Biofeedback therapists use heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback when treating asthma, COPD, depression, anxiety, fibromyalgia, heart disease, and unexplained abdominal pain. Research has shown that HRV biofeedback can also be used to improve physiological and psychological well-being in healthy individuals.
HRV data from both polyplethysmographs and electrocardiograms were analyzed by mathematical transformations such as the commonly used Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). FFT divides HRV data into power spectrum, expressing frequency of constituent waveform. Among them the frequency of constituents, high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) components are defined as above and below 0.15 Hz, respectively. As a rule of thumb, the LF component of HRV represents the sympathetic activity, and the HF component represents the parasympathetic activity. The two main components are often represented as the ratio of LF/HF and are used to express the sympathetic balance. Some researchers consider the third component, intermediate frequency (MF) from 0.08 Hz to 0.15 Hz, which has been shown to increase power during the appreciation period.
Pneumography
Pneumography or breathing strain gauges use flexible sensor bands placed around the chest, abdomen, or both. The strain gauge method can provide feedback on the relative expansion/contraction of the chest and abdomen, and can measure the respiration rate (number of breaths per minute). Doctors can use pneumography to detect and correct non-functioning respiratory patterns and behaviors. Respiratory patterns of dysfunction include clavicular respiration (respiration primarily dependent on the external intercostal and respiratory respiratory muscles to expand the lungs), respiration (breathing in which the stomach expands during respiration and contract during inhalation), and chest breathing (shallow breathing especially depending on the external intercostals for the lung to expand). Dysfunctional respiratory behavior including apnea (respiratory suspension), panting, sighing, and wheezing.
A pneumogram is often used in conjunction with an electrocardiograph (ECG) or photoplethysmograph (PPG) in heart rate variability training (HRV).
Biofeedback therapists use pneumograph biofeedback with patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders, asthma, chronic pulmonary obstructive disorders (COPD), essential hypertension, panic attacks, and stress.
Capnometer
Capnometer or capnograph using infrared detector to measure end-tidal CO
2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air at the end of expiration) is exhaled through the nostrils into the latex tube. Average value of end-tidal CO
2 for resting adults is 5% (36 Torr or 4.8 kPa). Capnometer is a sensitive index of patient's respiratory quality. Superfine, fast, and easy breathing CO
2 , while deep breathing, slow, and easy to improve.
Biofeedback therapists use capnometric biofeedback to complement the biofeedback of the respiratory measuring strain with patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders, asthma, chronic pulmonary obstructive disorders (COPD), essential hypertension, panic attacks, and stress.
Rheoencephalograph
Rheoencephalography (REG), or biofeedback of cerebral blood flow, is a biofeedback technique of conscious control of blood flow. An electronic device called rheoencephalograph [from the stream of Greek rheos, whatever flows, from rhein to stream] is used in the biofeedback of cerebral blood flow. The electrodes are attached to the skin at certain points on the head and allow the device to measure continuous electrical conductivity of a network of structures located between the electrodes. Brain blood flow technique is based on a non-invasive method of measuring bio-impedance. Bio-impedance changes are generated by blood volume and blood flow and are registered by rheographic devices. Bio-pulsative impedance changes directly reflects the total blood flow of the structures in the brain due to the measurement of high-frequency impedance.
Hemoencephalography
Hemoencephalography or HEG biofeedback is a functional infrared imaging technique. As the name suggests, it measures the difference in the color of light reflected back through the scalp based on the relative amount of oxygenated and oxygenated blood in the brain. Research continues to determine reliability, validity, and clinical application. HEG is used to treat ADHD and migraines, and for research.
Pressure
The pressure can be monitored when the patient does the exercises while resting on the air-filled bearings. It deals with physiotherapy. Alternatively, patients may actively hold or press the pads filled with water of a special form.
Apps
Urinary incontinence
Mowrer details the use of wetting alarms that sound when children urinate during sleep. This simple biofeedback tool can quickly teach children to wake up when their bladder is full and contract the bladder sphincter and relax the detrusor muscle, preventing further urine release. Through classical conditioning, sensory feedback from the full bladder replaces the alarm and allows the children to continue sleeping without urinating.
Kegel developed a perineometer in 1947 to treat urinary incontinence (leakage of urine) in women whose pelvic floor muscles weakened during pregnancy and childbirth. The perineometer, which is inserted into the vagina to monitor pelvic floor muscle contraction, meets all biofeedback device requirements and enhances the effectiveness of popular Kegel exercises. Contrary to this, a randomized controlled trial of 2013 found no benefit of adding biofeedback to pelvic floor muscle exercises in urinary stress incontinence. In other randomized controlled trials the addition of biofeedback to pelvic floor muscle training for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence, improving pelvic floor muscle function, reducing urinary symptoms, and improving quality of life.
Research has shown that biofeedback can improve the effectiveness of pelvic floor exercises and help restore proper bladder function. Vaginal cone action mode, for example, involves biological biofeedback mechanisms. Studies have shown that biofeedback obtained with a vaginal cone is as effective as biofeedback induced by physiotherapy electrostimulation.
In 1992, the United States Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research recommends biofeedback as first-line treatment for adult urinary incontinence.
Incontinence fecal and anismus
Biofeedback is the main treatment for anismus (contraction of puborectal paradox during bowel movements). This therapy evolved directly from an anorectal manometry investigation in which a probe that can record pressure is placed in the anal canal. Biofeedback therapy is also a commonly used and researched therapy for fecal incontinence, but the benefits are uncertain. Biofeedback therapy varies in the way it is administered. It is also not known whether one type has advantages over another. Objectives have been described to improve both rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR), rectal sensitivity (by discriminating the smaller volume of anal balloons and immediately acquiring external anal sshingter (EAS)), or strength and endurance of EAS. contraction. Three common types of biofeedback have been described, though they are not exclusive, with many protocols combining these elements. Similarly there are differences in length of individual sessions and overall training, and if home exercises are done in addition and how. In rectal sensitivity training, the balloon is placed in the rectum, and gradually enlarges until there is a rectal filling sensation. In a row, smaller repetition volumes of balloons aim to help people detect rectal distension at lower thresholds, allowing more time to contract EAS and prevent incontinence, or to travel to toilets. Alternatively, in those with incontinence urgency/rectal hypersensitivity, training is aimed at teaching people to tolerate larger volumes progressively. Strength training may involve electromyography (EMG) skin electrodes, manometric pressure, intra-anal EMG, or endoanal ultrasound. One of these steps is used to convey muscle activity or anal canal pressure during anal sphincter exercises. Performance and progress can be monitored in this way. Coordination training involves placing 3 balloons, in the rectum and in the upper and lower anal canals. The anal bubble is raised to trigger RAIR, an event that is often followed by incontinence. Coordination training aims to teach the EAS voluntary contraction when RAIR occurs (ie when there is rectal distention).
EEG
Caton notes the spontaneous electrical potential of the open cortical surface and rabbit, and is the first to measure the event-related potential (EEG response to stimuli) in 1875.
Danilevsky published an Investigation in Brain Physiology, which explored the relationship between the EEG and the state of consciousness in 1877.
Beck published a study of the detectable spontaneous electrical potential of the dog's brain and rabbit, and was the first to document alpha blocking, in which light altered rhythmic oscillations, in 1890.
Sherrington introduced the terms neurons and synapses and published the Integrative Act of the Nervous System in 1906.
Pravdich-Neminsky photographed the EEG and potency-related events of dogs, showing a slowing Hz 12-14 rhythm during asphyxia, and introducing the term electrocerebrogram in 1912.
Forbes reported the replacement of a galvanometer string with a vacuum tube to strengthen the EEG in 1920. The vacuum tube became the de facto standard in 1936.
Berger (1924) published the first human EEG data. He recorded the electrical potential of his son Klaus's scalp. Initially he believed that he had found a physical mechanism for telepathy but was disappointed that electromagnetic variations disappeared only a few millimeters from the skull. (He continued to believe in telepathy throughout his life, however, after having had a very confirming event about his sister). He views EEG as analogous to ECG and introduces the term elektenkephalogram . He believes that EEG has diagnostic and therapeutic promises in measuring the impact of clinical interventions. Berger suggests that this potential is not due to muscle contraction of the scalp. He first identifies the alpha rhythm, which he calls Berger's rhythm, and then identifies the beta rhythm and sleep spindles. He points out that changes in consciousness are associated with changes in the EEG and associate the beta rhythm with vigilance. He described the interictal activity (EEG potential between seizures) and recorded a complex partial seizure in 1933. Finally, he performed the first QEEG, which was a measure of the strength of an EEG frequency signal.
Adrian and Matthews confirmed Berger's findings in 1934 by recording their own EEG using a cathode ray oscilloscope. Their EEG recording demonstrations at the 1935 Physiological Society meeting in England led to widespread acceptance. Adrian uses himself as the subject and shows the phenomenon of alpha blocking, where opening his eyes suppresses the alpha rhythm.
Gibbs, Davis, and Lennox inaugurated clinical electroencephalography in 1935 by identifying the abnormal EEG rhythms associated with epilepsy, including interictal surge surges and 3 Hz activity in absence seizures.
Bremer uses EEG to show how sensory signals affect alertness in 1935.
Walter (1937, 1953) names delta and theta waves, and contingent negative variations (CNVs), a slow cortical potential that may reflect hope, motivation, intention to act, or attention. He found an occipital lobe source for alpha waves and showed that delta waves can help find brain lesions such as tumors. He improved Berger's electroencephalograph and pioneered EEG topography.
Kleitman has been recognized as the "father of American sleep research" for his seminal work in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, circadian rhythms, sleep patterns of various age groups, and the effects of sleep deprivation. He discovered the phenomenon of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep with graduate students Aserinsky in 1953.
Dement, another of Kleitman students, described the EEG architecture and phenomenology of the sleep and transition stages between them in 1955, related to REM sleep by dreaming in 1957, and documenting the sleep cycle in other species, cats, in 1958, which stimulated research basic bed.. He founded the Stanford University Sleep Study Center in 1970.
Andersen and Andersson (1968) proposed that the thalamic pacemaker projects synchronous alpha rhythms to the cortex via a thalamocortical circuit.
Kamiya (1968) showed that alpha rhythm in humans can be operably conditioned. He published an influential article on Psychology Today that summarizes research that shows that subjects can learn to distinguish when alpha is present or absent, and that they can use feedback to shift the dominant alpha frequency around 1 Hz. Nearly half of the subjects reported experiencing a pleasant "alpha state" characterized as "serene alertness." These reports may have contributed to the alpha biofeedback perception as a shortcut to the state of meditation. He also studied the EEG correlation of meditation states.
Brown (1970) points out the clinical use of alpha-theta biofeedback. In a study designed to identify subjective states associated with EEG rhythm, he trained subjects to increase the abundance of alpha, beta, and theta activity using visual feedback and recorded their subjective experiences as the amplitude of these frequency bands increased. He also helped popularize biofeedback by publishing a series of books, including New Thoughts, New Body (1974) and Stress and Art Biofeedback (1977).
Mulholland and Peper (1971) show that alpha occipital increases with open and unfocused eyes, and is disturbed by visual focus; rediscovery of alpha block.
Green and Green (1986) investigated the voluntary controls of the internal state by individuals such as Swami Rama and American Indian drug experts, Rolling Thunder in India and at the Menninger Foundation. They bring portable biofeedback equipment to India and monitor practitioners when they show self-regulation. A film containing records of their investigations was released as Biofeedback: The Yoga of the West (1974). They developed the alpha-theta training at the Menninger Foundation from the 1960s to the 1990s. They hypothesize that theta state allows access to unconscious memory and enhances the impact of prepared images or suggestions. Their alpha-theta research encourages Peniston's development of the alpha-theta addiction protocol.
Sterman (1972) shows that cats and human subjects can be trained operatively to increase the amplitude of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) recorded from the sensorimotor cortex. He pointed out that SMR production protects cats against drug-induced generalized seizures (tonic-clonic seizures involving loss of consciousness) and reduces the frequency of seizures in humans diagnosed with epilepsy. He found that his SMR protocol, which uses visual and auditory EEG biofeedback, normalizes their EEG (increase in SMR while theta and beta decrease to normal value) even during sleep. Sterman also co-developed the QEEG Sterman-Kaiser database (SKIL).
Birbaumer and colleagues (1981) have studied feedback from slow cortical potentials since the late 1970s. They have shown that subjects can learn to control this DC potential and have studied the effectiveness of biofeedback of slow cortical potential in treating ADHD, epilepsy, migraine, and schizophrenia.
Lubar (1989) studied SMR biofeedback to treat attention disorders and epilepsy in collaboration with Sterman. He pointed out that SMR training can increase attention and academic achievement in children who are diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD). He documents the importance of theta-to-beta ratio in ADHD and develops theta beta-prophylaxing protocol to lower this ratio and improve student performance. The Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based Assessment Aid (NEBA) The device system used to measure Theta-to-Beta ratios is approved as a tool to assist in ADHD diagnosis on July 15, 2013. However, the field has recently moved from measuring. This step has been caused by a general change in the norms of the population in the last 20 years (most likely due to changes in the average number of sleeps in young people).
Electrodermal system
FerÃÆ'Â Â © demonstrated the exosomatic method of recording the electrical activity of the skin by passing a small current through the skin in 1888.
Tarchanoff used the endosomatic method by recording differences in the electrical potential of the skin from a point on the surface of the skin in 1889; no external currents are applied.
Jung used a galvanometer, which used an exosomatic method, in 1907 to study unconscious emotions in word association experiments.
Marjorie and Hershel Toomim (1975) published an important article on the use of GSR biofeedback in psychotherapy.
Meyer and Reich discuss similar material in British publications.
Musculoskeletal System
Jacobson (1930) developed the hardware to measure EMG stress over time, showing that cognitive activity (such as imagery) affects EMG levels, introduces deep relaxation relaxation Relaxation methods, and writes Progressive Relaxation (1929) and You Must Relax (1934). She prescribes Progressive Relaxation exercises every day to treat various psychophysiological disorders such as hypertension.
Some researchers suggest that human subjects can learn the exact control of individual motor units (motor neurons and muscle fibers that they control). Lindsley (1935) found that relaxed subjects could suppress the burning of motor units without biofeedback training.
Harrison and Mortensen (1962) trained the subject using visual and auditory EMG biofeedback to control individual motor units in the anterior tibialis muscle of the foot.
Basmajian (1963) instructed subjects using EMG unfiltered EMG biofeedback to control separate motor units in abductor pollicis muscles from the thumb in a Single Motor Unit Training (SMUT) study. The best subjects coordinate several motor units to produce a roll of drums. Basmajian shows practical applications for neuromuscular rehabilitation, pain management, and headache treatment.
Marinacci (1960) applies an EMG biofeedback to neuromuscular disorders (where proprioception is impaired) including Bell Palsy (single side facial palsy), polio, and stroke.
"While Marinacci uses EMG to treat neuromuscular disorders, his colleagues use EMG only for diagnosis, they can not recognize their potential as a teaching tool even when the evidence is looking at them in the face! Many electromyographers conduct conducting neural conduction studies using visual and auditory feedback to reduce the disruption when patients recruit too many motor units.Although they use EMG biofeedback to guide patients to relax so that clean EMG diagnostic tests can be recorded, they can not imagine EMG biofeedback treatment from motor disorders. "
Whatmore and Kohli (1968) introduced the concept of dysponesis (misplaced attempt) to explain how functional disorders (where body activity is impaired) develop. Shore your shoulders when you hear a loud noise describing dysponesis, because this action does not protect against injury. These doctors apply EMG biofeedback to a variety of functional problems such as headaches and hypertension. They report follow-up cases ranging from 6 to 21 years. This has been a long time compared to a 0-24 month follow-up in clinical literature. Their data show that skills in controlling wrong efforts are positively associated with clinical improvement. Finally, they wrote The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Functional Disorders (1974) describing their treatment of functional impairment.
Wolf (1983) integrates EMG biofeedback into physical therapy to treat stroke patients and conduct a historic stroke study.
Peper (1997) applied SEMG to the workplace, studied the ergonomics of computer use, and promoted "healthy computing."
Taub (1999, 2006) demonstrated the clinical efficacy of induction-induced motion therapy (CIMT) for the treatment of patients with spinal cord injury and stroke.
Cardiovascular system
Shearn (1962) trained trained human subjects to increase their heart rate by 5 beats per minute to avoid electric shock. In contrast to Shearn's heart rate increase, Swami Rama used yoga to produce atrial flutter with an average of 306 beats per minute before the Menninger Foundation audience. This briefly stopped his heart pumping blood and silencing his heartbeat.
Engel and Chism (1967) trained trained subjects to reduce, improve, and then lower their heart rate (this is analogous to the ON-OFF-ON EEG training). He then used this approach to teach patients to control the rate of premature ventricular contraction (PVC), in which the ventricles contract too quickly. Engel conceptualized this training protocol as training onset of disease, as patients were taught to produce and then suppress the symptoms. Peper also teaches people with asthma who are quicker in controlling their breathing.
Schwartz (1971, 1972) examines whether specific patterns of cardiovascular activity are easier to learn than others because of biological constraints. He examined the constraints on integrated learning (two autonomous responses changed in the same direction) and differentiated (two reversed autonomous responses) blood pressure patterns and heart rate changes.
Schultz and Luthe (1969) developed the Autogenic Training, which is a deep relaxation exercise derived from hypnosis. This procedure combines passive will with images in a series of three maintenance procedures (standard Autogenic exercise, Autogenic neutralization, and Autogenic meditation). Doctors at the Menninger Foundation combine a short list of standard exercises with thermal biofeedback to create an autogenic biofeedback. Luthe (1973) also published a series of six volumes entitled Autogenic Therapy.
Fahrion and colleagues (1986) reported on the 18-26 session treatment program for hypertensive patients. The Menninger program combines respiratory modification, autogenic biofeedback for hands and feet, and frontal EMG training. The authors reported that 89% of their treatment patients stopped or reduced treatment by half temporarily significantly lowered blood pressure. While this study does not include double-blind control, the outcome rate is impressive.
Freedman and colleagues (1991) suggest that hand warming and hand cooling are generated by different mechanisms. The primary hand-heating mechanism is beta-adrenergic (hormonal), whereas the primary hand-cooling mechanism is alpha-adrenergic and involves sympathetic C fibers. This is contrary to the traditional view that finger blood flow is controlled exclusively by sympathetic C fibers. Traditional models assert that, when firing slow, warm hands; when firing fast, cold hands. Freedman and colleagues' study supports the view that hand warming and hand cooling represent completely different skills.
Vaschillo and colleagues (1983) published the first study of heart rate biofeedback (HRV) with cosmonauts and treated patients diagnosed with psychiatric and psychophysiological disorders. Lehrer collaborated with Smetankin and Potapova in treating pediatric asthma patients and published an article that influenced the treatment of HRV asthma in the medical journal Chest. The most direct effect of HRV biofeedback is on baroreflex, a homeostatic reflex that helps control blood pressure fluctuations. As blood pressure rises, baroreflex keeps the heart rate down. The reverse occurs when blood pressure falls. Since it takes about 5 seconds for the blood pressure to change after the heart rate changes (think of different amounts of blood flowing through the same-sized tubes), baroreflex produces a rhythm in the heartbeat with a period of about 10 seconds. Another rhythm in the heartbeat is caused by respiration (respiratory sinus arrhythmias), such as an increased heart rate during inhalation and falls during respiration. During HRV biofeedback, these two reflexes stimulate each other, stimulating the resonance properties of the cardiovascular system caused by the rhythm that is attached to the baroreflex, and thus causing very large oscillations in the heartbeat and the stimulation of large amplitude baroreflex. So HRV biofeedback trains baroreflex, and strengthens it. This appears to have an autonomic reactivity modulation effect on stimulation. Because baroreflex is controlled through brainstem mechanisms that communicate directly with the insula and amygdala, which control emotions, HRV biofeedback also appears to modulate emotional reactivity, and to help people who suffer from anxiety, stress, and depression.
Emotions are strongly linked to heart health, which is related to physical and mental health. In general, good mental and physical health correlates with positive emotions and high-rate heartbeat variability (HRV) that are modulated by most high frequencies. High HRV has been correlated with enhanced executive functional skills such as memory and reaction time. Biofeedback that increases HRV and shifts power towards HF (high frequency) has been shown to lower blood pressure. On the other hand, the strength of LF (low frequency) in the heart is associated with sympathetic vagal activity, which is known to increase risk. heart attack. The LV-dominated HRV power spectrum is also directly related to higher mortality rates in healthy individuals, and among mood-disordered individuals. Anger and frustration increase the HRV LF range. Other studies have shown anger to increase the risk of heart attack, so researchers at Heartmath Institute have made a link between emotion and physical health through HRV.
Because emotions have an impact on the functioning of the heart, which flows into many other biological processes, emotional regulation techniques can influence practical psychophysiological changes. McCraty et al. found that feelings of gratitude increased HRV and shifted its power spectrum to the MF (medium frequency) and HF (high frequency) range, while reducing LF (low frequency) power. The patented Heartmath Institute technique involves generating feelings of gratitude and happiness, focusing on the physical location of the heart, and breathing within 10 seconds of the cycle. Other techniques have been shown to increase HRV, such as severe aerobic exercise, and meditation.
Pain
Chronic back pain
Newton-John, Spense, and Schotte (1994) compared the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Electromyographic Biofeedback (EMG-Biofeedback) for 44 participants with chronic back pain. Newton-John et al. (1994) divided participants into two groups, then measured the intensity of pain, perceived disability, and depression before treatment, after treatment and again six months later. Newton-John et al. (1994) found no significant difference between the group receiving CBT and the group receiving EMG-Biofeedback. This seems to suggest that biofeedback is as effective as CBT in chronic low back pain. Comparing group outcomes before treatment and after treatment, showed that EMG-Biofeedback reduced pain, disability, and depression by half.
Muscle aches
Budzynski and Stoyva (1969) suggest that EMG biofeedback can reduce the contraction of the frontal muscles (forehead). They pointed out in 1973 that analog (proportional) and binary (analog or analogue) EMG biofeedbacks were equally helpful in lowering SEMG masseter levels. McNulty, Gevirtz, Hubbard, and Berkoff (1994) propose that the innervation of the sympathetic nervous system of the muscle spindle underlies the trigger points.
Stressed headache
Budzynski, Stoyva, Adler, and Mullaney (1973) reported that frontal EMG biofeedback auditories combined with home relaxation exercises reduced the frequency of tension headaches and frontal EMG levels. A control group receiving concrete (incorrect) auditory feedback does not improve. This study helps make the frontal muscle placement-choice in the assessment of EMG and the treatment of headaches and other psychophysiological disorders.
Migraine
Sargent, Green, and Walters (1972, 1973) show that hand-warming can abort migraine and autogenic biofeedback training can reduce headache activity. Early Menninger migraine studies, although methodologically weak (no baseline initial treatment, control group, or random assignment for the condition), were strongly influenced by migraine treatment. Overview 2013 classifies biofeedback among techniques that may be beneficial in the management of chronic migraines.
Phantom-limb Pain
Flor (2002) is trained to amputate to detect the location and frequency of shocks sent to the stump, resulting in an expansion of the corresponding cortical region and significant reduction of their ghost pain.
Financial decision-making
Financial traders use biofeedback as a tool to regulate their emotional level of passion to make better financial decisions. Philips technology company and Dutch bank ABN AMRO developed biofeedback devices for retail investors based on the galvanic skin response sensor. Astor et al. (2013) developed a serious biofeedback-based game where financial decision makers can learn how to manage their emotions effectively using heart rate measurements.
Stress reduction
A random study by Sutarto et al. assessed the resonance breathing biofeedback effect (recognizing and controlling unconscious heart rate variability) among manufacturing operators; depression, anxiety and stress decreased significantly.
Macular disease in the retina
A 2012 observational study by Pacella et al. found a significant increase in both visual acuity and fixation treating patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration or macular degeneration with biofeedback treatment via MP-1 microperimeter.
Clinical effectiveness
Research
Moss, LeVaque, and Hammond (2004) observed that "Biofeedback and neurofeedback seem to offer the type of evidence-based practice demanded by health care companies." "From an early biofeedback developed as a research-based approach that emerged directly from laboratory research on psychophysiology and behavioral therapy, Biofeedback/neurofeedback ties to the biomedical paradigm and research was stronger than the case for many other behavioral interventions" (p.
The Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB) and the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) have collaborated in validating and assessing treatment protocols to answer questions about the clinical efficacy of biofeedback and neurofeedback applications, such as ADHD and headaches. In 2001, Donald Moss, then president of the Association of Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, and Jay Gunkelman, president of the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research, appointed a task force to set standards for the efficacy of biofeedback and neurofeedback.
The Task Force document was published in 2002, and a series of white papers followed, reviewing the efficacy of a series of disorders. White paper establishes biofeedback efficacy for functional anorectal disorders, attention deficit disorders, facial pain and temporomandibular joint dysfunction, hypertension, urinary incontinence, Raynaud's phenomenon, substance abuse, and headache.
A wider review is published and then updated, applying the same effectiveness standards for the entire range of medical and psychological disorders. The 2008 edition reviewed the effectiveness of biofeedback for more than 40 clinical disorders, ranging from alcohol/substance addiction to vulvar vestibulitis. The rating for each of the disturbances depends on the nature of the research available at each interruption, from anecdotal reports to double blind studies with control groups. Thus, a lower rating might reflect a lack of research than biofeedback ineffectiveness for this problem.
A randomized trial by Dehli et al. than if the injection of a bulking agent in the anal canal is superior to sphincter training with biofeedback to treat fecal incontinence. Both methods lead to an increase in FI, but comparison of St Mark scores between the groups showed no difference in effect between treatments.
Benefits
Yucha and Montgomery (2008) ranks are listed for the five levels of efficacy recommended by the joint Task Force and adopted by the Board of Directors of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology (AAPB) and the International Society for Neuronal Regulations (ISNR). From the weakest to the most powerful, this level includes: not empirically supported, may be efficacious, may be efficacious, efficacious, and efficacious and specific.
Level 1: Not empirically supported. This stipulation covers apps supported by anecdotal reports and/or case studies where peer review is not reviewed. Yucha and Montgomery (2008) established eating disorders, immune function, spinal cord injury, and syncope into this category.
Level 2: May be efficacious. This stipulation requires at least one sufficient statistical power study with a well-identified outcome measure but no random assignment for internal control conditions for the study. Yucha and Montgomery (2008) assigned asthma, autism, Bell palsy, cerebral palsy, COPD, coronary artery disease, cystic fibrosis, depression, erectile dysfunction, fibromyalgia, hand dystonia, irritable bowel syndrome, PTSD, repetitive strain injury, respiratory failure, stroke , tinnitus, and urinary incontinence in children for this category.
Level 3: May be efficacious. This stipulation requires several observational studies, clinical studies, research controlled by waiting lists, and in subjects and intrasubject replication studies that demonstrate efficacy. Yucha and Montgomery (2008) commission alcoholism and substance abuse, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, stool disorders in children, adult stool incontinence, insomnia, pediatric headaches, traumatic brain injury, male urinary incontinence, and vulvodynia vestibulitis ) in this category..
Level 4: Efficacious. This assignment requires the satisfaction of six criteria:
(A) In comparison with the untreated control group, the alternative treatment group, or false (placebo) controls were using random assignment, the treatment studied was proven to be statistically significantly superior to the control or treatment condition under study equivalent to the treatment of efficacy defined in the study with enough power to detect moderate differences.
(B) Research has been carried out with the population being treated for a particular problem, for whom the inclusion criteria are depicted in a reliable and operationally defined manner.
(c) This study uses a valid and clear outcome measure that is determined in relation to the problem being addressed.
(D) Data subject to appropriate data analysis.
(e) Diagnostic and treatment variables and procedures are clearly defined in a way that enables replication of research by independent researchers.
(F) The superiority or equality of the treatment under study has been demonstrated in at least two independent research settings.
Yucha and Montgomery (2008) are given attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, chronic pain, epilepsy, constipation (adult), headache (adult), hypertension, motion sickness, Raynaud's disease, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction in this category.
Level 5: Efficacious and specific. The treatment under study should prove to be statistically superior to other reliable mock therapy, pill or other false treatments in at least two independent research settings. Yucha and Montgomery (2008) established urine incontinence (women) in this category.
Criticism
In a health care environment that emphasizes cost control and evidence-based practice, professional biofeedback and neurofeedback experts continue to overcome the skepticism in the medical community about the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of their care. Critics question how this treatment is compared to conventional medical and behavioral interventions on efficacy and cost. White paper publications and rigorous evaluation of biofeedback interventions can answer legitimate questions and educate medical professionals, third-party payers, and the public about the value of these services.
Organization
The Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB) is a nonprofit scientific and professional community for biofeedback and neurofeedback. The International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) is a nonprofit scientific and professional community for neurofeedback. The European Biofeedback Foundation (BFE) sponsors international education, training, and research activities in biofeedback and neurofeedback. The Northeast Regional Biofeedback Association (NRBS) sponsors theme-focused education conferences, political advocacy for biofeedback-friendly legislation, and research activities in biofeedback and neurofeedback in the Northeastern United States. The Southeast Biofeedback and Clinical Neuroscience Association (SBCNA) is a nonprofit regional organization that supports biofeedback professionals with continuing education, ethical guidelines, and public awareness that promote professional biofeedback efficacy and safety. SBCNA offers an Annual Conference for continuing professional education as well as promoting biofeedback in addition to the allied health professions. SBCNA is formally a North Carolina Biofeedback Society (NCBS), serving Biofeedback since the 1970s. In 2013, NCBS reorganizes as SBCNA support and represents biofeedback and neurofeedback in the Southeastern Region of the United States.
Certification
The Biofeedback Certification International Alliance (formerly American Biofeedback Certification Institute) is a non-profit organization that is a member of the Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE). BCIA offers biofeedback certification, neurofeedback (also called EEG biofeedback) certification, and biofeedback of pelvic muscle dysfunction. BCIA certifies individuals who meet educational and training standards in biofeedback and neurofeedback and progressively certify satisfying satisfactory educational requirements. The BCIA certification has been supported by the Mayo Clinic, the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB), the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR), and the Washington State Legislature.
BCIA's didactic education requirements include a 48-hour course from a regionally accredited academic institution or a BCIA-approved training program that includes the General Knowledge Biofeedback Print and anatomy and human physiology studies. The Blueprint General Knowledge Biofeedback field includes: I. Orientation to Biofeedback, II. Stress, Overcoming, and Illness, III. Recording Psychophysiology, IV. Surface Applications of Electromyographic (SEMG), V. Applications of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), VI. Electroencephalographic (EEG) Applications, VII. Adjunctive Intervention, and VIII. Professional Behavior.
Applicants may demonstrate their knowledge of human anatomy and physiology by completing coursework in human anatomy, human physiology or biology provided by a regionally accredited academic institution or training program approved by BCIA or by successfully completing the Anatomy and Physiology exam covering the organization of the human body and the system.
Applicants should also document practical skills training covering 20 contact hours supervised by BCIA-approved mentors designed for them to teach how to apply their clinical biofeedback skills through self-organizing training, 50 patient/client sessions, and case conference presentations. Distance learning allows applicants to complete didactic course work via the internet. Mentoring distance of train candidates from their residence or office. They must re-certify every 4 years, complete 55 hours of continuing education during each review period or complete a written exam, and prove that their licenses/credentials (or their supervisor/credentials license) have not been suspended, investigated or revoked.
pelvic floor dysfunction
Biofeedback Muscle Dysfunction (PMDB) includes "elimination disorder and chronic pelvic pain syndrome." BCIA's didactic education requirements include a 28-hour course from a regionally accredited academic institution or BCIA-approved training program that includes the Blueprint of Knowledge Comprehensive Biofeedback Dysfunction Library and anatomy and human physiology studies. Biofeedback Muscle Dysfunction Area includes: I. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, II. Anatomy, Assessment, and Clinical Procedure Pelvic, III. Clinical Disorder: Bladder Dysfunction, IV. Clinical Disorders: Intestinal Dysfunction, and V. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome.
Currently, only licensed health care providers can apply for this certification. Applicants should also document practical skills training that includes 4 hours of work/personal training sessions and 12 contact hours spent with BCIA-approved mentors designed to teach them how to apply clinical biofeedback skills through 30 patient/client sessions and case conference presentations. They must re-certify every 3 years, complete 36 hours of continuing education or complete a written exam, and prove that their licenses/credentials have not been suspended, investigated or revoked.
History
Claude Bernard proposed in 1865 that the body sought to maintain a steady state in the internal environment (inte rieur environment), introducing the concept of homeostasis. In 1885, J.R. Tarchanoff suggests that voluntary heartbeat control can be done directly (autonomously-cortical) and does not depend on "cheating" by altering the rate of breathing. In 1901, J. H. Bair studied the voluntary control of the aurem retrahens muscle that wiggled the ear, finding that the subject learned this skill by inhibiting the disruptive muscles and showing that the skeletal muscles were self-regulated. Alexander Graham Bell attempted to teach the deaf to speak through the use of two tools - the fonautograph, created by ÃÆ' â € ° douard-LÃÆ' Â © on Scott's, and a manometric flame. The first translates the sound vibration into the search on the smoky glass to show their acoustic waveform, while the latter sound allows the sound to be displayed as a light pattern. After World War II, mathematician Norbert Wiener developed the cybernetic theory, which proposed that the system be controlled by monitoring their results. The participants at the 1969 conference at the Surfrider Inn in Santa Monica coined the term biofeedback from Wiener feedback. The conference resulted in the establishment of the Bio-Feedback Research Society, which allows normally isolated researchers to contact and collaborate with each other, and popularize the term "biofeedback." Works of B.F. Skinner leads researchers to apply operant conditioning to biofeedback, deciding which responses are voluntary and which can not. In the first experimental demonstration of shearn biofeedback using this procedure with heart rate. The effect of the perception of autonomic nervous system activity was originally explored by George Mandler's group in 1958. In 1965, Maia Lisina combines classical conditioning and operands to train subjects to alter the diameter of blood vessels, eliciting and displaying reflexive blood flow changes to teach the subject how to voluntarily control their skin temperature. In 1974, H.D. Kimmel trains the subject to sweat using a galvanic skin response.
Hindu:
The biofeedback system has been known in India and several other countries for thousands of years. Ancient Hindu practices such as yoga and Pranayama (breathing techniques) are essentially biofeedback methods. Many yogis and sadhu have been known to exercise control over their physiological processes. In addition to the latest research on Yoga, Paul Brunton, an English writer who traveled extensively in India, has written about the many cases he has witnessed.
Timeline
1958 - Group G. Mandler studies the process of autonomic feedback and its impact.
1962 - D. Shearn uses feedback rather than conditioned stimuli to change heart rate.
1962 - Otc Alive publication by John Basmajian and Carlo De Luca
1968 - Annual Veterans Administration research meeting in Denver that brings together biofeedback researchers
1969 - April: Ko
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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