soccer , soccer ball , or soccer ball association is a ball used in an association football sport. The name of the ball varies according to whether the sport is called "football", "football", or "football association". The shape of the ball, as well as the size, weight, and composition of the material, is determined by Law 2 of the Law of the Game administered by the International Football Association Board. The more strict, additional, standard is determined by FIFA and the subordinate governing bodies for the ball used in the competition for which they are sanctioned.
Initial footballs begin as animal or abdominal bladders that will be easily destroyed if kicked too much. Improvements became possible in the 19th century with the introduction of rubber and the discovery of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear. The modern 32-panel ball design was developed in 1962 by Eigil Nielsen, and technological research continues today to develop the ball with improved performance. The 32-panel ball design was soon overcome with a 24-panel ball as well as a 42-panel ball, both of which improved performance compared to before, in 2007.
Video Ball (association football)
Histori
In 1863, the first specification for the ball was set by the Football Association. Previously, the foot ball was made of patched leather, with a leather cover then to help the ball maintain its shape. In 1872 the specification was revised, and these rules were essentially unchanged as defined by the International Football Association Board. The differences in the sphere created by this rule come into effect with the material used in their creations.
Footballs have undergone dramatic changes over time. During a medieval ball it is usually made of leather outer skin filled with cork shavings. Another method of creating a ball is to use an animal sac for the inside of the ball so that it is inflatable. However, both styles create the ball making it easy to pierce the ball and not be enough to kick. It was not until the 19th century that the ball developed into what football looks like now.
Vulcanization
In 1838, Charles Goodyear introduced the use of rubber and their discovery of vulcanization, which dramatically increased football. Vulcanization is a rubber treatment to provide certain qualities such as strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents. Rubber vulcanization also helps soccer to withstand moderate heat and cold. Vulcanization helps create blowing puffs that suppress the outer settings of football panels. Charles Goodyear's innovation improves the bounce of the ball and makes it easier to kick. Most of the ball this time has a tanned skin with eighteen sections sewn together. These are arranged in six panels of three strips each.
Reason for improvement
During the 1900s, the ball was made of perfect rubber and leather to bounce and kick the ball; However, when heading to football (hitting with the player's head) it usually hurts. This problem is most likely due to the absorption of skin water from rain, which causes considerable weight gain, causing head or neck injury. Around 2017, this is also attributed to dementia to former players. Another problem of early foot balls is that they deteriorate rapidly, because the skins used in the manufacture of balls vary in thickness and quality.
Attend developments
The soccer elements currently being tested are football deformations when kicked or when the ball touches the surface. Two ball styles have been tested by the Sports Technology Research Group of the Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering at Loughborough University; both models are called FE Basic models and FE models developed from football. The basic model considers the ball as a round shell with the isotropic material properties. The developed model also utilizes the properties of isotropic materials but includes a more rigid stitching seam area.
Further developments
Companies such as Umbro, Miter, Adidas, Nike, Select and Puma released balls made of new materials intended to provide more accurate flights and more power to transfer to football.
Maps Ball (association football)
Construction
Footballs today are more complicated than the ball of the past. Most modern balls consist of twelve regular hexagonal panels and twenty ordinary hexagonal panels positioned in a spherical geometry of truncated icosahedron. Some premium-grade 32-panel balls use non-regular polygons to provide a closer approximation to sphericality. The inside of football consists of a latex bladder that allows soccer to become pressurized. The ball panel pairs are sewn along the edges; this procedure can be done manually or by machine. The size of the ball is about 22 cm (8.65 inches) in diameter for the 5-ball rule size. The rule states that the ball size 5 should be 68 to 70 cm in circumference. On average up to 69 cm and then divided by ? gives about 22 cm for diameter.
The weight of the ball should be in the range of 410 to 450 grams (14 to 16 oz) and increase to a pressure between 0.6 and 1.1 standard atmospheres (8.8 and 16.2 psi) at sea level.
There are a number of different types of soccer balls depending on the game and the grass includes an exercise ball, match ball, professional match ball, beach ball, foot ball, indoor ball, grass ball, futsal ball and mini ball/skill.
Supplier
Many companies around the world produce footballs. The earliest ball is created by the local supplier where the game is played. It is estimated that 55% of all balls are made in Sialkot, Pakistan, with other major manufacturers being China and India.
In response to problems with the ball in the 1962 FIFA World Cup, Adidas created Adidas Santiago - this led Adidas to win a contract to supply match balls for all official FIFA and UEFA matches, which they have held since the 1970s, and provided match ball for 2008 Olympics. They also provide a ball for UEFA Champions League called Adidas Finale.
FIFA World Cup
From the 1970 FIFA World Cup, the official match ball was used by FIFA.
UEFA European Championship
From the 1968 European Football Championships, the official match ball was used by UEFA.
Olympics
The following balls are used in Olympic soccer tournaments (note this list is incomplete):
League Balls
Here is a list of the most up-to-date balls used in various club soccer competitions:
Unicode
Unicode 5.2 introduces glyph? (U 26BD SOCCER BALL), can be represented in HTML as & amp; # 9917; or & amp; # x26BD; . The addition of this symbol follows the 2008 proposal by Karl Pentzlin.
See also
- Ball (Gridiron football)
- Football (balls)
References
External links
- New York Times interactive features on the evolution of the world cup balls
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Mental Floss . Retrieved August 16 2013 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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