American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular pitch with goalposts at each end. The offense, which is a team that controls oval-shaped soccer, tries to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball, while the defense, which is a team without ball control, aims to stop offensive attacks and goals. to control the ball for themselves. Evil must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or play, and instead they hand football into defense; if the violation succeeds in advancing ten yards or more, they are given four new pairs. The main points are printed by forwarding the ball into the opposing team's final zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball over the opposing goal for field goals. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.
American football thrives in the United States, derived from association football sport (known in the US as football) and rugby football. The first match of American soccer was played on 6 November 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton, under rules based on association football rules at the time. During the second half of the 1870s, college playing associate football turned to the Rugby Union code, which allowed the ball to carry. A set of rule changes made from 1880 onwards by Walter Camp, "Father of American Football", formed a snap team, eleven players, and the concept of downs; then change rules validate the pass forward, create a neutral zone, and determine the size and shape of the football. The sport is closely related to Canadian football, which evolves parallel and contemporary with American games, and most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and football are also present in Canadian football.
American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States. The most popular forms of play are professional soccer and college, with the other major levels being high school and youth soccer. In 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play sports in the United States each year, almost all men, with few exceptions. The National Football League, the most popular American soccer league, has the highest average professional sports league presence in the world; His championship game, the Super Bowl, is among the world's most watched sporting events, and the league has annual revenues of around US $ 10 billion.
Although popular in North America, it failed to garner enough support outside the United States to allow for the existence of a professional league.
Video American football
Etymology and name
In the United States, American Football is called "football." The term "gridiron" or "American soccer" is favored in English-speaking countries where other popular football codes, such as England, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia.
Maps American football
History
Initial history
American football evolved from soccer sports associations (football) and rugby football. Rugby football, like American football, is a sport where two teams compete to compete for the ball, which can be kicked through a series of hurdles or run into the opposing goal area to score points.
What was considered the first American soccer game was played on 6 November 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams. The game is played between two teams of 25 players each and uses a round ball that can not be picked up or carried. It can, however, be kicked or beaten with a foot, hand, head or sides, with the ultimate goal being to advance it into the opposing goal. Rutgers won the match 6 goals to 4. The academy play continues for several years in which the match is played using the host school rules. Representatives from Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19, 1873 to create a set of standard rules that all schools must follow. Each team consists of 20 players, and a field of 400 to 250 feet (122 mÃÆ'â € "76 m) is determined. Harvard abstained from the conference, as they liked the rugby-style game that allowed it to run with the ball.
An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under the rules of rugby style was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes. These players introduced this sport to Princeton, an accomplishment of the Association of Professional Football Dancers compared to "selling refrigerators to Eskimos." Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play between colleges using a form of rugby union rule with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Inter-University Football Association, although Yale did not merge until 1879. Yale player Walter Camp, now considered the "Father of American Football", received regulatory changes in 1880 that reduced the size of each team from 15 to 11 players and instituted a snap to replace the chaotic and inconsistent scrum.
Game evolution
The introduction of a snap produces unexpected consequences. Before the snap, the strategy must be done if the scrum produces a bad field position. However, a group of Princeton players realized that, because the snap was undeniable, they could now hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponents from scoring. In 1881, the two teams in the match between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their unbeaten record. Each team holds the ball, does not get ground, for the whole half, produces a 0-0 tie. This "block game" proved very unpopular with the audience and fans of both teams.
Rule changes are required to prevent this strategy taking, and returns to scrum are considered. However, Camp succeeded in ruling the rules in 1882 which restricted each team to three downs, or handles, to advance the five-yard ball. Failure to advance the ball the required distance in three downs will result in ball control being released to other teams. This change effectively made American football a sport apart from rugby, and the resulting five yards yard added to the field to measure the distance made it resemble a green field display. Other key rule changes include field size reductions being 110 to 53,333 yards (100,584 m²-48,768 m), and applying a scoring system that provides four points for touchdowns, two for safety and touchdown touch goals, and five for field goals; In addition, handling under the waist is legalized. The latter, and is the most important innovation, which will ultimately make American football uniquely "American", is the legalization of intervention, or blocking, a very illegal tactic under the rules of rugby style.
Despite these new rules, football remains a violent sport. Dangerous mass formations, involving interlocking interference, such as the flying wedge result in serious injury and death. The 1905 peak of 19 fatalities across the country resulted in a threat by President Theodore Roosevelt to wipe out the game unless major changes have been made. In response, sixty-two colleges and universities met in New York City to discuss regulatory changes on December 28, 1905, and this process resulted in the formation of the Inter-American Athletic Association, later renamed the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). ).
Pass forward legal was introduced in 1906, although its impact was initially limited due to restrictions placed on its use. Other rule changes introduced that year included a reduction in play time from 70 to 60 minutes and an increase in the required distance for the first drop from 5 to 10 meters (9.1 m). To reduce clashes and gross play between teams, neutral zones were created throughout the width of football. Scoring was also adjusted: the field goal was lowered to three points in 1909 and the touchdown was raised to six points in 1912. The field was also reduced to 100 meters (91 m), but two 10-yard-long end zones were created, and the team was given four receded instead of three to advance the ball 10 meters (9.1 m). The roughing-the-passer penalty was applied in 1914, and the first qualified player was allowed to catch the ball anywhere in the field in 1918.
Professional era
On November 12, 1892, William "Pudge" Heffelfinger paid $ 500 to play the game for the Allegheny Athletic Association in a game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. This is an example of the first recording of paid players to participate in American soccer games, although many athletic clubs in the 1880s offered indirect benefits, such as helping players achieve work, giving trophies or watches that players can pawn money, or pay double money costs. Despite these additional benefits, the game has a strict sense of amateur at the time, and direct payments to players are favored, if not directly prohibited.
Over time, professional play becomes increasingly common, and with it comes rising salaries and unpredictable player movements, as well as illegal payments of college players who are still in school. National Football League (NFL), a group of professional teams originally founded in the 1920s as the American Professional Football Association, aims to solve this problem. The stated goals of this new league include ending a bidding war on players, preventing the use of college players, and abolishing the practice of paying players to leave other teams. By 1922, the NFL had established itself as a major professional football league.
The dominant form of football at the time was played at the college level, but the new NFL received a boost for legitimacy in 1925 when the NFL team, Pottsville Maroons, defeated the Notre Dame all-stars team in an exhibition match. The greater emphasis on passing games helped professional soccer to better differentiate themselves from college matches during the late 1930s. Football in general became increasingly popular after the 1958 NFL Championship game, a match between the Baltimore Colts and the New York Giants still called the "Greatest Game Ever Played". The game, a 23-17 overtime overtime by the Colts, was seen by millions of television viewers and had a huge impact on the popularity of the sport. This, along with the innovations introduced by the American Football League (AFL) in the early 1960s, helped football to become the most popular sport in the United States in the mid-1960s.
The competing American Football League emerged in 1960 and challenged the dominance of the NFL. The AFL began in relative obscurity but eventually developed, with an initial television contract with the ABC network. The AFL's presence forced the conservative NFL to expand to Dallas and Minnesota in an effort to destroy a new league. Meanwhile, the AFL introduced many new features for Professional Soccer in the United States: the official time on the scoreboard clock, not on the hour in referee's pocket, as NFL did; optional two-point conversion with pass or run after touchdown; names on the player's shirt; and several others, including the expansion of the role of minority players, are actively recruited by different leagues with the NFL. The AFL also signed several star college players who have also been drafted by the NFL team. Competition for players heats up in 1965, when the AFL New York Jets signed rookie Joe Namath to a contract with a record of US $ 437,000. A $ 40 million five-year NBC television deal was followed, which helped defend the young league. The bidding war for players ended in 1966, when NFL owners approached the AFL on mergers, and two leagues agreed on one that would be in full force in 1970. This agreement provides a general draft that will take place each year, and institutionalizes the annual World Championships matches to be played between league champions respectively. The game began to play at the end of the 1966 season. After the merger was completed, it was no longer a championship game between the two leagues, and returned to the NFL championship game, which came to be known as the Super Bowl.
College football retains the tradition of a postseason bowl game. Each bowl game will be associated with a particular conference, and getting a place in the bowl game is a reward for winning the conference. This arrangement is favorable, but tends to prevent the top two teams from meeting in real national championship matches, as they will usually commit to bowl games from their respective conferences. Some systems have been used since 1992 to determine the national champions of college football. The first is the Bowl Coalition, in place of 1992-1994. It was replaced in 1995 by the Bowl Alliance, which gave way in 1997 to the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). The BCS arrangement proved controversial, and was replaced in 2014 by College Football Playoff (CFP).
Team and position
A soccer match is played between two teams of 11 players. Playing with more on the pitch can be punished with a penalty. Teams can override a number of their players in between downs; this "platoon" system replaces the original system, which features limited substitution rules, and has resulted in teams utilizing specialized, attacking, specialized and special teams.
Individual players in football matches must be appointed with uniform numbers between 1 and 99. The NFL team is required to count their players with a league-approved numbering system, and any exceptions must be approved by the Commissioner. The NCAA and NFHS teams are "strongly advised" to count their offensive players according to the league's recommended numbering scheme.
Offensive unit
The role of the offensive unit is to advance football under the pitch with the ultimate goal of scoring.
Offensive teams should line up in legal formation before they can snap the ball. Offensive formations are considered illegal if there are more than four players on the back line or less than five players numbered 50-79 on the offensive line. Players can line up temporarily in positions that differ from what their numbers allow as long as they immediately report changes to the referee, who then notify the defensive team about the change. Both team players, with the exception of snapper, are allowed to line in or cross the neutral zone until the ball is snapped. Interior offensive linens are not allowed to move until a snap of the ball.
The main backfield positions are quarterback (QB), halfback/tailback (HB/TB) and fullback (FB). Quarterback is the leader of the offense. Either the quarterback or the coach calls the drama. Quarterbacks usually inform the remaining game violations in the huddle before the team lined up. Quarterback line up behind the center to take a snap and then pass the ball, throw it or run with it.
The main role of the halfback, also known as the tailback, is to carry the ball in the running of the game. Halfbacks also serve as recipients. The backs tend to be larger than half back and function primarily as a blocker, but they are sometimes used as runners in short-dice situations and rarely used in late situations.
The offensive line (OL) consists of several players whose primary function is to block members of the defense line from handling the ball carrier on a drama run or firing the quarterback on a passing play. The offensive line leader is the center (C), which is responsible for bullying the ball into quarterbacks, blocking, and to ensure that other linemen do their work during play. On both sides the center is the guard (G), while the tackles (T) line up outside the guard.
The main receiver is a wide receiver (WR) and a tight end (TE). The wide receivers march on or near the line of soccer practice, split out of line. The main purpose of the wide receiver is to capture the bait that is thrown by the quarterback, but they can also serve as bait or as a barrier during the run of the game. Tight ends lined up outside the tackle and works both as a receiver and as a blocker.
Defense unit
The role of defense is to prevent offense from scoring by overcoming the ball carrier or by forcing turnovers (interceptions or fumbles).
The defense line (DL) consists of a defensive end (DE) and a defensive tack (DT). The defensive ends line up at the end of the line, while defensive handles line up inside, between the ends of the defense. The main responsibility of defensive ends and defensive tackles is to stop playing drama on and off, respectively, to squeeze quarterbacks on passing plays, and to occupy the line so linebackers can break through.
Linebacker line up behind the defensive line but in front of defensive back line. They are divided into two types: the middle linebacker (MLB) and the outer linebacker (OLB). Linebacker is a defensive leader and calls the game defensive. Their diverse roles include defending running, pressing quarterbacks, and keeping the backs, wide receivers and tight ends in passing games.
The defensive backfield, often called secondary, consists of cornerbacks (CB) and safeties (S). The safeties themselves are divided into free safeties (FS) and strong safeties (SS). Cornerbacks line up outside the defensive formation, usually the opposite of the receiver so it can cover him, while the safeties line up among the cornerbacks but further back in the secondary. Safeties are the last line of defense, and are responsible for stopping deep passing games and running dramas.
Custom team units
The dedicated team unit is responsible for all drama kicks. The special team unit of the team that controls the ball will try and execute field goals (FG), punts and kickoffs, while the opposing team unit will aim to block or restore it.
Three specific positions for field and PAT (point-after-touchdown) objectives: placekicker (K ​​â € <â € Special positions for punt plays are punter (P), long snapper, upback and shooter. The long snapper instantly locks the ball into the audience, which then falls and kicks it before touching the ground. The midfielder lined up outside the line and raced down the field, in order to overcome the defender (PR) - the player who captured the kick. Upbacks line up a short distance behind the line of tussle, providing additional protection to the audience.
Rules
Scoring
In American soccer, the winner is the team that has scored the most points at the end of the game. There are several ways to score goals in a soccer game.
The touchdown (TD), worth six points, is the most valuable scoring play in American football. A goal scored when the ball is directly forwarded, caught, or recovered in the opposing team's final zone. The scoring team then tries to try or convert, better known as point (s) -after-touchdown (PAT), which is a single scoring opportunity.
PAT is most often attempted from a line of two or three yards, depending on the level of the game. If judged by a placekick or a dropkick through the goalposts, it is worth a point, and is usually called an extra point. Instead, teams can choose to run one game of struggle and effort, again, to achieve what is normally regarded as a touchdown. In such a case, a successful effort is called a two-point conversion and is worth two points. For the 2015 season, the NFL adopted a rule on PAT stating that during extra points the placekick should climb from the 15-yard line and on additional points if the kick is blocked and the opposing team returns it to the final zone or if during a two-point ball conversion gropes or is intercepted and back to the opposing team's final zone will score two points. No points are given to the point or two point failed conversion attempt. In general, extra points are almost always successful in professional games and are only slightly less successful at amateur levels, while a two-point conversion is a riskier game with higher probability of failure; Therefore, the extra point effort is much more common than the two-point conversion effort.
The field goal (FG), worth three points, is printed when the ball is bent or dropped through the uprights and crossbars pass from the defense goal. After a successful PAT or field effort, the scoring team must kick the ball to another team.
Security is assessed when the ball bearers are handled in their own final zone. Safeties are worth two points, given to defense. Additionally, the team that recognizes safety should kick the ball to the scoring team through a free kick.
Fields and equipment
The game of football is played on a rectangular field that is 120 yards long (110 m) wide and 53.33 yards (48.76 m). The marked lines along the ends and sides of the field are known respectively as the finish line and the sidelines, and the goal line is marked 10 meters (9.1 m) inward from each end line. The weighted pylon is placed in an inner corner of the goal line intersection and the finish line.
The white mark in the field identifies the distance from the end zone. Inbound lines, or hash marks, are short parallel lines marking a 1-yard increase (0.91 m). The page line, which can run the width of the field, is marked every 5 meters (4.6 m). One yard wide is placed at each end of the field; The line is marked in the middle of a two-yard line in a professional game and on the line of three yards in a college game. Figures showing the distance from the nearest goal line in yards are placed on both sides of the field every ten meters.
The goal lies at the center of the plane of each of the two finish lines. This latitude post is ten feet (3.0 meters) above the ground, vertical upright at the end of a separate 18 foot 6 inch (5.64 m) cross to play professional and college and 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m ) apart to play in high school. Uprights extend vertically 35 feet on a professional field, a minimum of 10 meters in the field of college, and a minimum of ten feet in the field of high school. Post targets are rolled up at the base, and orange bands are usually placed at the ends of each vertical.
Football itself is an oval ball, similar to a ball used in rugby or football rules of Australia. At all levels of the game, football is pumped into 12 1 / 2 to 13 Ã, 2 / 2 pounds per square inch (psi) and weighs 14 to 15 ounces (397 to 425 grams); beyond that, the exact dimensions are slightly different. In professional play, the ball has a long axis 11 to 11 Ã, 1 / 4 inch, long 28 to 28 Ã, 1 / 2 inches, and a short circle 21 to 21 Ã, 1 / 4 inch, while in college and high school playing ball has a long axis 10 / 8 to 11 7 / 16 inches, long circumference 3 / 4 to 28 Ã, / 2 inch, and the short circle 20 Ã, 3 / 4 to 21 1 / 4 inch.
Duration and termination
The soccer match lasts for a total of 60 minutes in professional and lecture games and is split into two halves of 30 minutes and four quarters of 15 minutes. The high school soccer game is 48 minutes with two parts 24 minutes and four quarters of 12 minutes. The two parts are separated by a part-time period, and the first and third quarters are also followed by a short break. Before the start of the game, referees and team captains for each team meet in midfield to throw coins. Visit team allowed to call 'head' or 'tail'; the lottery winners are allowed to decide between choosing whether to accept or kick a ball or choose a goal they want to keep, but they can also postpone their choice until the second half. The losing team, unless the winning team decides to delay, is allowed to select an option that the winning team does not select, and accepts the option to accept, kick, or choose a goal to defend to start the second half. Most teams choose to accept or delay, because choosing to kick the ball to start the game will allow other teams to choose which goals to defend. The team changed goals following the first and third quarters. If the decline is in progress when the quarter ends, play on until the down is done.
The match lasts longer than the specified length due to the cessation of the game - the average NFL match lasts a little over three hours. The time in a soccer match is measured by the hour of the game. The operator is responsible for starting, stopping, and operating the game hours based on directives from the appropriate officials. A separate clock, playing hour, is used to determine whether a game violation delay has been made. If the playing hour ends before the ball is kicked or kicked free, a game violation delay is called on a foul. Play hours are set to 40 seconds in professional and college football and for 25 seconds in play in high school or following a certain administrative termination at the previous level of play.
Advance the ball and descend
There are two main ways that violations can advance the ball: run and pass. In a typical game, the quarterback calls to play, and the center passes the ball back and below their feet to the quarterback in a process known as the snap. Quarterback then hands the ball back, throws the ball or walks with it. The drama ends when the player with the ball is overcome or out of bounds, or the bait touches the ground without the player catching it. Pass forward can only be done legally if the passers-by are behind the line of struggle. In NFL, down also ends if the runner's helmet slips off.
The offense was given a series of four dramas, known as retroactives. If the offense reaches ten or more yards in four evils, they are given a new set of four downs. If they fail to advance ten meters, ownership of football is left to defense. In most situations, if the offense reaches their fourth point, they will punt to another team, which forces them to start their journey from the bottom of the field; if they are within the range of field goals, they may also try to score a field goal. A group of officials, chain crew, track both the decline and the distance measurement. On television, the yellow line is superimposed electronically on the ground to show the first down line to the viewing audience.
Kick
There are two categories of kicks in football: free-kick kicks, which can be done by offensive teams below from behind or in the line of soccer practice, and free kicks. Free kickoff is a kickoff, which starts in the first and third quarters and overtime and follows a successful trial effort or field goal, and a safety kick, following safety.
At kickoff, the ball is placed in the 35-yard line of the kicking team in professional play and lecture and on the 40-yard line in high school play. The ball can be kicked or kicked in place. If the spot kick is selected, the ball can be placed on the ground or on the tee, and the holder can be used in both cases. On a safety kick, the team kicks a ball from their own 20 yards. They can kick the ball, drop kick or kick the ball, but the tee may not be used in a professional game. Each member of the receiving team can capture or advance the ball, and the ball can be recovered by the kicking team after it is at least ten meters and has touched the ground or been touched by the recipient team member.
Three types of kick-free kick kicks are spot kicks, dropping kicks, and kicks. Only spot kicks and dropping kicks can score points. Place kick is the standard method used to score points, because the spherical shape of the ball makes it difficult to knock down a reliable kick. Once the ball has been kicked from a scrimmage kick, the ball can be piloted by a kicking team only if caught or found behind the line of soccer practice. If touched or restored by team kicks beyond this line, it becomes dead at the point where it is touched. The kicking team is forbidden to interfere with the chance of the recipient to catch the ball, and the receiving team has the option to signify a fair haul. This prohibits blocking defenses or handling the receiver, but the game ends as soon as the ball is captured and the ball may not advance.
Officials and violations
Officials are responsible for enforcing the rules of the game and monitoring the hours. All the officials carried a whistle and wore black and white striped shirts and black hats except the referee, whose hat was white. Each carries a weighted yellow flag thrown to the ground to signal that the offense has been mentioned. An official who sees some violations will throw their caps as a secondary signal. Seven officials in each field are assigned with different responsibilities:
- the ref. is positioned behind and on the back side of the attack. The referee is charged with the supervision and control of the game and authority on the score, bottom number, and any and all interpretations of the rules in discussions among other officials. The referee announces all penalties and discusses offense with the offending team captain, monitors for illegal attacks on quarterbacks, makes requests for first measurements, and notifies head coaches whenever a player is expelled. The referee positions himself to the side of the arm that goes past the quarterback. In most matches, the referee is responsible for finding soccer before playing from soccer practice.
- The referee is positioned on the defensive back line, except in the NFL, where the referee is positioned laterally to the referee on the opposite side of the formation. The referee's watch played along the line of football practice to ensure that no more than 11 offensive players were on the field before the shoot and that no offensive linemen were in the bottom position. The referees monitor the contact between the offensive and defensive linemen and call most of the penalties held. The referee records the number of timeouts taken and the winner of the coin toss and match score, assisting the referee in a situation involving possession of the ball close to the line of soccer practice, determining if the player's equipment is legal, and drying the wet ball before shooting if the game is played in the rain.
- The judge back is positioned far behind the defense, behind the referee. The judge behind ensures that the defensive team does not have more than 11 players in the field and determines whether the catch is valid, whether the field targets or the extra effort point is good, and whether a breach of a pass disorder occurs. The rear judge is also responsible for the play hours, the time between each playback, when the watch time that looks is not used.
- The headline is positioned at one end of the line of tussle. The chief line judge oversees every line-of-scrimmage and illegal hand-of-hand violation and helps the linesman with an illegal shift or call for illegal motion. The Chief Judge also arranges an out-of-bounds call that takes place on the sides of their field, watching the chain crew and marking a runner's progress when a game has been blown to death.
- The side judge is positioned twenty yards from the chief of the line judge. The judge's side primarily duplicates the function of the field judge. On field goals and extra effort points, the judge side is positioned laterally to the referee.
- The line judge is positioned at the end of the line of soccer practice, across the head of the head line. He oversees substitution of players, lines of soccer practice during punts, and game time. The line judge informed the referee when the time had expired at the end of the quarter and told the head coach of the home team when five minutes left to halftime. In the NFL, the linesman also told the referee when two minutes left in the second half. If the clock malfunction or becomes inoperable, the line judge becomes the official timekeeper.
- The field judge is positioned twenty yards from the linesman. The field judge monitors and controls the hours of play, counts the number of defenders on the field, and supervises the offending bait interference and the illegal hand-of-hand offense by offensive players. The field judge also makes decisions about catch, recovery, ball spot when a player is out of bounds, and touches the illegal balls that have crossed the line of struggle. On field goals and extra point effort, the field judge is placed under a straight back judge behind.
- The central judge is the eighth official used at the top level of college soccer. The judge was standing next to the referee, just as the referee did in the NFL. The central judge is responsible for finding football after every game, and has the same responsibilities as the referee, except to announce the penalty.
Another set of officials, the chain crew, is responsible for moving the chain. The chain, which consists of two large sticks with a 10-meter long chain between them, is used to measure for the first drop. The chain crews remain on the sidelines during the game, but if requested by the officials, they will briefly bring the chain to the field to be measured. A typical chain-crew will have at least three people - two members of the chain crew will hold one of two sticks, while the third will hold the bottom marker. The bottom marker, a large stick with a dial on it, is reversed after each game to show the descending currents, and is usually moved to the approximate point of the ball. The chain crew system has been used for over 100 years and is considered an accurate measure of distance, rarely criticized from one side.
Security
Football is a sport full of contact, and injuries are relatively common. Most injuries occur during training sessions, especially those involving contact between players. To try to prevent injury, players are required to wear a set of equipment. At minimum players should wear a soccer helmet and a set of shoulder pads, but individual leagues may require extra bearings such as thighs and protectors, knee pads, chest protectors, and mouth protector. Most injuries occur in the lower extremities, especially in the knee, but a large number also affect the upper limb. The most common types of injuries are strains, sprains, bruises, fractures, dislocations, and concussions.
Recurrent concussions (and possibly subconscious head impact) may increase a person's future risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy and mental health problems such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, and depression. Concussions are often caused by a helmet-to-helmet or upper body contact between opposing players, although the helmet has prevented more serious injuries such as skull fractures. Programs aim to reduce concussions by reducing the frequency of helmet-to-helmet attacks; USA Football's "Heads Up Football" program aims to reduce concussions in teenage football by teaching trainers and players about the signs of concussion, the right way to use football equipment and make sure it fits, and the right handling methods that avoid helm- helmet contacts. However, a study in the Orthopedic Journal of Sport Medicine found that Heads Up Football was ineffective; the same study notes that broader reforms are being implemented by Pop Warner Little Scholars and their team members are effective at significantly reducing the rate of concussion.
League and tournament
The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are the most popular soccer leagues in the United States. The National Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has an average attendance of the world's highest sports league, with an average attendance of 66,960 during the 2011 NFL Season. The NFL championship game is called the Super Bowl, and is one of the biggest events in club sports around the world. It was played between the champions of the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC), and the winner was awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy.
College football is the third most popular sport in the United States, behind professional baseball and professional football. NCAA, the largest college organization, is divided into three Divisions: Division I, Division II and Division III. Division I soccer is subdivided into two subdivisions: Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). The champions of each game level are determined through the NCAA playoff system-sanctions; while the I-FBS Division champions are historically determined by various polls and ranking systems, subdivisions adopting a four-team playoff system in 2014.
High school football is the most popular sport in the United States played by boys; more than 1.1 million boys participated in sports 2007-2008 according to a survey by the National Federation of Association of State Colleges (NFHS). NFHS is the largest organization for high school football, with associate members in all 50 states as well as the District of Columbia. USA Football is a governing body for youth and amateur football, and Pop Warner Little Scholars is the largest organization for teenage football.
Professional league rivals
Several professional soccer leagues have been formed as rival leagues for the NFL. The most successful rival league is the American Football League (AFL), which existed from 1960 to 1969. The AFL became a significant rival in 1964 before signing a five-year, $ 36 million television deal with NBC. The AFL team started signing NFL players for contracts, and the popularity of the league grew to challenge the NFL. Both leagues joined in the 1970 season, and all the AFL teams joined the NFL. An earlier league, the All-American Football Conference, was played from 1946 to 1949. After the league was disbanded, two AAFC teams, Cleveland Browns and San Francisco 49ers, became members of the NFL; Another member, Colts Baltimore joined the league, but folded after just a year in the NFL.
Another attempt to start a rival league is far less successful. The World Football League (WFL) played for two seasons, in 1974 and 1975, but faced a monetary problem so severe that the league could not pay its players. In the second and final season, the WFL seeks to establish a stable credit rating, but the league is disbanded before the second season can be completed. The United States Football League (USFL) operated for three seasons from 1983 to 1985 but fell because of bad business decisions and monetary issues. An $ 1.5 billion antitrust suit against the NFL succeeded in court, but the league was awarded only three dollars. XFL was created in 2001 by Vince McMahon and lasted only one season. Despite television contracts with NBC and UPN and high expectations, XFL suffers from poor television ratings and low game quality. United Football League (UFL) started in 2009, but folded after suspending the 2012 season, due to financial problems.
International game
American soccer leagues exist all over the world, but the game has not achieved international success and the popularity of baseball and basketball. NFL Europa, the league of NFL development, operated from 1991 to 1992 and then from 1995 to 2007. At the time of closing, NFL Europa has five teams based in Germany and one in the Netherlands.
The European Football League (EFL), run by the European Football Federation (EFAF), is an annual invitation tournament between champions or champions-competitions run by EFAF members. The league championship game is Eurobowl. Other EFAF tournaments including the EFAF Cup, played between the top teams of the national league in a manner similar to the UEFA Cup, the Atlantic Cup, played between teams from the Atlantic region of Europe, and the Challenge Cup, played between teams from the new federation. who is not eligible to play in the EFL or EFAF Cup. The American Football Federation is also present in Asia, Oceania and Pan America, and a total of 64 national football federations in July 2012. The International Football Federation of America (IFAF), an international body consisting of an American soccer federation, runs tournaments such as the IFAF World Championships, which is held every four years since 1999, IFAF Women World Championships, IFAF U-19 World Championships and the Flag Football World Championships. IFAF also hosts annual International Bowl matches. At the international level, Canada, Mexico and Japan are considered second tier, while Austria, Germany and France will be ranked third. All these countries rank far below the United States, which is dominant at the international level.
Football is not an Olympic sport, but it is a demonstration sport at the 1932 Summer Olympics. IFAF has received temporary recognition from the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and voting to make it an Olympic sport can be held in early 2017. Some major hurdles hinder IFAF to achieve status as an Olympic sport, such as the dominant participation of men in international matches and a short three-week Olympic schedule. The size of a large team is an additional difficulty, due to the Olympic set limit of 10,500 athletes and coaches. American football also has global visibility issues. Nigel Melville, CEO of USA Rugby, noted that "American football is globally recognized as a sport, but not played globally." To solve this problem, great efforts have been made to promote the flag football, a modified version of American football, on an international level.
Popularity and cultural influences
United States
"Baseball is still referred to as a national hobby, but football is by far the more popular sport in American society", according to ESPN.com Sean McAdam. In a 2014 poll conducted by Harris Interactive, professional football was ranked as the most popular sport, and college football was ranked third behind only professional soccer and baseball; 46% of participants rated some form of game as their favorite sport. Professional football has ranked as the most popular sport in polls since 1985, when it surpassed baseball for the first time. The most popular professional football among those living in the eastern United States and rural areas, while most popular college football in the southern United States and among people with undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. Football is also the sport most often played by high school athletes and colleges in the United States. In a 2012 study, the NCAA estimated there were about 1.1 million high school football players and nearly 70,000 college football players in the United States; By comparison, the most played sport, basketball, has about 1 million participants in high school and 34,000 in college. The Super Bowl is the most popular one-day sport event in the United States, and is one of the largest club sporting events in the world in terms of TV viewing. The NFL generates about $ 10 billion per year. The Super Bowl account includes seven of the eight most watched shows in American history; Super Bowl XLIX was witnessed by a record 114.4 million Americans.
American football also plays an important role in American culture. The day in which the Super Bowl is held is considered a national holiday, and in some parts of the country like Texas, sport has been compared to religion. Football is also associated with other holidays; New Year's Day is traditionally the date for some college soccer bowl matches, including the Rose Bowl. However, if New Year's Day is on Sunday, bowl games are moved to another date not to conflict with typical NFL Sunday schedules. Thanksgiving football is an American tradition, which hosts many high schools, colleges, and professional games. Steve Deace from USA Today wrote that Americans are passionate about football "for bringing about all that we love about American exceptionalism" The merit is appreciated, not punished Masculinity is celebrated, not feminine People of different faiths and backgrounds behind - the fusion pot, if you will - should unite the common goal of the successful team â € "implicit rules like playing through pain and sacrificing for a better team promoted in soccer culture.
Sports safety has also sparked national controversy in American popular culture. Often accepted as "too aggressive", and not recognized in popular culture. The 2015 movie Concussion aims to explain the safety of the sport, especially in the NFL by featuring Will Smith playing Dr. Bennet Omalu, a neuropathologist who first discovered and published the findings of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
Other countries
In Canada, the game has significant followers - according to a poll in 2013, 21% of respondents said they followed the NFL "very closely" or "close enough", making it the third most-followed league behind the National Hockey League (NHL)) and Canadian Football League (CFL). American football also has a long history in Mexico, which was introduced to the sport in 1896. American football was the second most popular sport in Mexico in the 1950s, with a very popular game in college. The Los Angeles Times noted that the NFL claimed more than 16 million fans in Mexico, which put the third country behind the US and Canada. American football is played in Mexico both professionally and as part of the college sports system. The American soccer competition in Mexico is the League de FÃÆ'ºtbol Americano Professional (Professional American Football League). At the college level there is a Mayor League from ONEFA, a college championship that was founded in 1930. There is also the CONADEIP International Conference, another college competition established in 2010. American football is the fifth most popular sport in Mexico and the country has a ranking the highest NFL outside the United States.
Japan was introduced to the sport in 1934 by Paul Rusch, a Christian teacher and missionary who helped set up a football team at three universities in Tokyo. Play was stopped during World War II, but began to grow in popularity again after the war. In 2010, there were over 400 high school soccer teams in Japan, with over 15,000 participants, and over 100 teams playing in the College of Collegiate Soccer Associations (KCFA). The college champions play the X-League champions (the semi-pro league where the team is financed by the company) in the Rice Bowl to determine the Japanese national champions.
Europe is the main target for game expansion by football organizers. In Britain in the 1980s, the sport was quite popular, with the 1986 Super Bowl watched by over 4 million people (about 1 in every 14 Britons). The popularity of the sport faded during the 1990s, coinciding with the formation of the Premier League. According to BBC America, there is a "social stigma" around American football in England, with many Britons feeling the sport has no right to call itself 'football' because of the small emphasis on kicks. Nevertheless, sport has retained followers in England; NFL operates a media network in the country, and since 2007 has hosted the NFL International Series in London. The Super Bowl audience has also recovered, with over 4.4 million British people watching the Super Bowl XLVI.
The sport is played in European countries like Switzerland, which has American football clubs in every major city, and Germany, where the sport has about 45,000 registered amateur players. In Europe, almost all countries have their own league, highlighting their interests from Austria (Austrian Football League), Germany (German Football League), England (BAFA National Leagues), France (Ligue ÃÆ' â € ° lite de Football AmÃÆ' Â © ricain ) and Italy (Italian Football League). But in these countries, American football has not reached the same level of popularity as in North America. There are national teams Austria, Finland, France, Germany, England, Hungary, Israel, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain and Sweden.
In Brazil, American soccer audiences are increasing by 800% between 2013 and 2016, according to ESPN, which, along with Esporte Interativo, is responsible for transmissions in the country. The Brazilian population is the 3rd of the world, behind only Mexico and the United States. The NFL leaders visited MaracanÃÆ'  £ Stadium, in Rio de Janeiro, to verify the pitch. Rumors that the Pro Bowl edition can be held there. One reason for the audience boom is the placekicker of Kansas City's Chief, Cairo Santos, the first Brazilian player to achieve some of the world's success in sport. Also, sport has become one of the most played around the country, with around 130 teams. Superliga Nacional de Futebol The Americano (American National Football Association) is a recently created American soccer league created and organized by ConfederaÃÆ'§ÃÆ' oà o o Brasileira de Futebol Americano (Brazilian American Football Confederation). For 2017, the strongest league will begin in June, including 32 teams across the country, in 4 conferences. In 2017, famous football team Cruzeiro Esporte Clube joined the 2016 America Cup champion BH Eagles Futebol Americano, to create Sada Cruzeiro Futebol Americano. The recently born team has won the country championship, and for Brazil's top league already signed with former NFL player Nic Harris.
In other countries in South America there is a very important evolution relating to American Football, since 2006 when it has started this exercise in Argentina. There are currently three American Football League in the country: Football Americano Argentina, located in Buenos Aires, which has six teams; CÃÆ'³rdoba Football Americano, located in CÃÆ'³rdoba, with three teams; The Rosario Football League, located in Rosario, also with three teams. In addition there are teams at the stage of formation in some provinces, such as in the province of Santa Fe.
In Colombia, FECOFA (The American Football Federation of Colombia) was created. Recently formalized strategic alliance with FLOOR FOOTBALL COLOMBIA to join efforts and work together to seek growth and development of American football in all its modalities.
Canadian football, the dominant form of football in Canada, is closely related to American football - both sports developed from rugby, and both sports are considered the main variants of green field football. Although both games share the same set of rules, there are some major rule differences: for example, in Canadian football the field measures 150 to 65 yards (137 x 59 m), including two 20-yard end zones (for a distance of 110 yards ), the team has three downs, not four, there are twelve players on each side, not eleven, a fair catch is not allowed, and the rouge, worth a point is rated if the offensive team kicked the ball out of the final zone of defense. Canadian Football League (CFL) is Canada's premier league and is the second most popular sports league in Canada, behind only the National Hockey League.
The main football variant is the football arena, played by Arena Football League (AFL). The soccer arena has eight team players and uses an indoor field 50 meters (46 m) in length, excluding the final zone, and 28.3 meters (25.9 m) wide. Punting is illegal, and kickoffs are tested from the goal line. Large mosquito nets fend off the forward operand and kicks that hit them, and the deflected kick is a live ball that can be recovered by one of the teams.
Under the Arena Football League is what MikeKanier's New York Times writer Mike Tanier calls "the smallest minor league:" indoor soccer league. As in the soccer arena, teams in indoor soccer leagues play in the arena, but the game is only attended by a small number of fans, and most of the players are semi-professional athletes. The indoor soccer league is unstable, with franchises regularly moving from one league to another league or joining another team, and the team or entire league dissolves completely. The Indoor Football League, National Arena League, Champions Indoor Football and the American Arena League are examples of premier indoor leagues active in 2017.
There are several non-contact variants of American football, such as flag soccer. In football the ballcarrier is not handled; on the contrary, defenders aim to draw a flag tied around their waist. Another variant, touch football, requires only the ballcarrier to be touched to be considered down. The game of soccer touch may require the player to be touched with one or two hands to consider, depending on the rules used.
See also
Footnote
Note
References
Further reading
- Football: Great Writing About National Sport , edited by John Schulian; 2014 (New York: American Library)
External links
- American football in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- The National Football League
- International American Football Federation
- NFL 360, introductory website for football rules
- Quotation of a 1903 soccer match between the University of Chicago and the University of Michigan
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments